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Related Concept Videos

One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: Estimation of Clearance00:56

One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: Estimation of Clearance

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Clearance is a key pharmacokinetic parameter that quantifies the volume of body fluid from which a drug is entirely removed within a specific time frame. It is crucial in assessing how a drug is eliminated from the body and has critical clinical applications.
In the one-compartment open model for intravenous (IV) bolus administration, clearance is estimated by dividing the elimination rate by the plasma drug concentration. This equation leverages the elimination rate constant and the apparent...
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One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: General Considerations01:19

One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: General Considerations

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The one-compartment model is a pharmacokinetic tool that models the body as a single, uniform compartment, facilitating the understanding of drug distribution and elimination. This model is particularly beneficial for intravenous (IV) bolus administration, where the drug rapidly circulates throughout the body.
The drug's presence in the body is defined by an equation representing the difference between the rates of drug entry and exit. Key parameters—elimination rate constant,...
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Two-Compartment Open Model: IV Bolus Administration01:18

Two-Compartment Open Model: IV Bolus Administration

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The two-compartment model for intravenous (IV) bolus administration illustrates drug distribution in the body, subdividing it into central and peripheral compartments. This model operates on the concept of two-compartment kinetics. The drug's plasma concentration shows a bi-exponential decline following IV bolus administration, signaling the presence of two disposition processes: distribution and elimination.
The disparity between drug input and the sum of drug transfer rates between...
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One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: Estimation of Elimination Rate Constant, Half-Life and Volume of Distribution01:09

One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: Estimation of Elimination Rate Constant, Half-Life and Volume of Distribution

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The one-compartment open model is a simplified approach used in pharmacokinetics to understand the distribution and elimination of a drug administered through an intravenous bolus. This model assumes rapid drug dispersal throughout the body and elimination using a first-order process. Key pharmacokinetic parameters, such as the elimination rate constant (k), half-life (t1/2), and the apparent volume of distribution (Vd), can be estimated from this model. The elimination rate is calculated...
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Upper GI Series: Barium Swallow01:24

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The Barium Swallow Study, or a Barium Esophagogram, is a diagnostic imaging method used to visualize the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. It employs barium sulfate, a radiopaque contrast material, to provide clear images of the upper digestive system, helping to identify abnormalities, diseases, or structural issues.
Purpose and Procedure
Patients undergoing this procedure ingest a liquid containing barium sulfate with a chalky...
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Endoscopic Procedures III: Video Capsule Endoscopy01:28

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Capsule endoscopy, or wireless or video capsule endoscopy, is a diagnostic procedure for examining the entire gastrointestinal tract. Patients swallow a capsule about the size of a vitamin tablet. The capsule is equipped with a transmitter, a battery, an LED light source, and a color video camera to capture images throughout the gastrointestinal tract. This procedure is particularly useful for diagnosing conditions such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, tumors, polyps, ulcers,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 12, 2025

Adapting Human Videofluoroscopic Swallow Study Methods to Detect and Characterize Dysphagia in Murine Disease Models
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Quantifying Bolus Residue and Its Risks in Children: A Videofluoroscopic Study.

Isuru Dharmarathna1,2, Anna Miles1, Jacqui Allen3

  • 1Speech Science, School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, New Zealand.

American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology
|March 19, 2021
PubMed
Summary

The bolus clearance ratio (BCR) reliably quantifies pharyngeal residue in children, aiding in the identification and treatment of swallow impairments. This objective measure predicts aspiration risk, improving clinical assessment and intervention outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Swallowing Disorders
  • Clinical Swallowing Assessment
  • Oropharyngeal Physiology

Background:

  • Postswallow residue is a key indicator of dysphagia and aspiration risk.
  • Videofluoroscopic study of swallowing (VFSS) is standard for visualizing residue, but subjective assessments lack objectivity.
  • Quantifying residue volume and location is crucial for effective treatment and outcome measurement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish the reliability of the bolus clearance ratio (BCR) for quantifying pharyngeal residue in children.
  • To examine the relationship between BCR and other oropharyngeal swallowing metrics.
  • To investigate the association between BCR and penetration-aspiration events in pediatric populations.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective observational study of 553 children (0-21 years) using standardized VFSS protocols.
  • Quantitative analysis of VFSS data recorded at 30 frames per second with specialized software.
  • Calculation of the bolus clearance ratio (BCR) and comparison with other timing and displacement measures.

Main Results:

  • Excellent interrater (ICC=.86) and intrarater (ICC=.97) reliability for BCR measurements.
  • Significant correlations found between BCR and pharyngeal constriction ratio, and total pharyngeal transit time.
  • BCR was a significant predictor of penetration-aspiration (64.9% accuracy); BCR ≥ 0.1 indicated a 4x increased risk of aspiration.

Conclusions:

  • The bolus clearance ratio (BCR) is a reliable and objective method for quantifying pediatric pharyngeal residue.
  • BCR can effectively identify children with dysphagia and guide treatment strategies.
  • This quantitative measure facilitates objective assessment of intervention effectiveness in pediatric swallowing disorders.