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Updated: Nov 12, 2025

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Interpreting Adjuncts: Processing English As-Clauses.

Lyn Frazier1, Charles Clifton2

  • 1Department of Linguistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA.

Language and Speech
|March 19, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Manner interpretations of sentence-final as-clauses are most common, but propositional interpretations increase with specific grammatical cues like commas and question types. This suggests a preference for integrating adjuncts into event descriptions.

Keywords:
Semantic interpretationadjunct interpretationprocessing as-clausesprosodic boundaries

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Sentence Processing
  • Syntax and Semantics

Background:

  • Sentence-final as-clauses present ambiguity between manner and propositional interpretations.
  • Previous research has not fully elucidated the factors influencing these interpretations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the factors influencing the interpretation of ambiguous sentence-final as-clauses.
  • To determine the role of grammatical cues (commas, elliptical predicates) and question types in disambiguating meaning.

Main Methods:

  • Four experiments were conducted using interpretation studies and reading time measures.
  • Participants interpreted sentences with varying grammatical structures (e.g., presence/absence of commas, 'would' vs. 'would do').
  • Sentence interpretation was also influenced by preceding question types ('How', 'What's with', 'What did').

Main Results:

  • Manner interpretations predominated across all experiments.
  • Propositional interpretations were facilitated by the presence of a comma before the as-clause and the use of 'would do'.
  • Question type significantly impacted interpretation, with 'What's with' questions favoring propositional interpretations and 'How' questions favoring manner interpretations.

Conclusions:

  • Grammatical cues and discourse context play a crucial role in resolving ambiguity in sentence-final as-clauses.
  • The observed preference for manner interpretations may stem from a general tendency to integrate adjuncts into event descriptions.
  • Reading time data supports the hypothesis that a preference for adjunct integration underlies the manner interpretation bias.