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Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 12, 2025

Assessing Early Stage Open-Angle Glaucoma in Patients by Isolated-Check Visual Evoked Potential

Assessing Early Stage Open-Angle Glaucoma in Patients by Isolated-Check Visual Evoked Potential

Published on: May 25, 2020

Pupillometric recordings to detect glaucoma.

Susmit Bhowmik¹, Sridhar P Arjunan², Marc Sarossy¹

¹RMIT University, School of Engineering, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.

Physiological Measurement

|March 19, 2021

Summary

Hippus, or steady-state pupil oscillations, measured by eye-tracking, can detect glaucoma. This method shows significant differences in pupil oscillation entropy between glaucoma patients and healthy individuals.

Keywords:

diagnosis entropy glaucoma hippus pupillometry

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Biomedical Engineering
Signal Processing

Background:

Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss.
Early diagnosis of glaucoma is crucial for effective treatment and better prognosis.
Current diagnostic methods can be invasive or require specialized equipment.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the potential of hippus (steady-state pupil oscillations) for computerized glaucoma detection.
To evaluate the efficacy of using eye-tracking technology to measure pupillary oscillations.
To determine if entropy analysis of hippus can differentiate between glaucoma patients and healthy controls.

Main Methods:

Pupillary data were collected using a commercial eye-tracker.
A cohort of 40 glaucoma patients and 30 age-matched controls participated.
De-noised pupillary signals were analyzed for entropy at two light intensities (34 and 100 cd m⁻²).

Main Results:

Significant differences in sample entropy of hippus were observed between glaucoma and healthy eyes at 100 cd m⁻² (p < 0.05).
The entropy values were 0.55 ± 0.017 for healthy eyes and 0.7 ± 0.034 for glaucoma eyes at 100 cd m⁻².
Significant differences were also found at 34 cd m⁻², albeit to a lesser extent.

Conclusions:

The entropy of pupillary oscillations (hippus) measured via eye-tracking is a significant differentiator between glaucoma and healthy eyes.
This non-invasive method utilizes inexpensive, commercially available hardware.
The findings suggest a potential for widespread deployment in computerized glaucoma screening programs.