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Related Concept Videos

ATP Energy Storage and Release01:31

ATP Energy Storage and Release

12.7K
ATP is a highly unstable molecule. Unless quickly used to perform work, ATP spontaneously dissociates into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), and the free energy released during this process is lost as heat. The energy released by ATP hydrolysis is used to perform work inside the cell and depends on a strategy called energy coupling. Cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions, allowing them to proceed.
One example of energy coupling using ATP involves a...
12.7K
ATP Yield01:31

ATP Yield

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Cellular respiration produces 30 - 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Although most of the ATP results from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain (ETC), 4 ATP are gained beforehand (2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle).
The ETC is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane and is comprised of four main protein complexes and an ATP synthase. NADH and FADH2 pass electrons to these complexes, which pump protons into the intermembrane space. This distribution of...
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ATP and Energy Production01:23

ATP and Energy Production

895
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a critical molecule that functions as the main energy carrier in cells. Structurally, ATP consists of an adenosine molecule—comprising adenine and ribose—bonded to three phosphate groups. The high-energy bonds between these phosphate groups store significant amounts of potential energy. This energy is released during hydrolysis, wherein ATP is converted to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP), driving a variety of essential...
895
ATP Synthase: Mechanism01:48

ATP Synthase: Mechanism

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In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear genome encodes the majority of ATP synthase subunits, the mitochondrial genome encodes some of the enzyme's most critical components. The formation of this multi-subunit enzyme is a complex multi-step process regulated at the level of transcription, translation, and assembly. Defects in one or more of these steps can result in decreased...
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ATP Synthase: Structure01:18

ATP Synthase: Structure

14.0K
ATP synthase or ATPase is among the most conserved proteins found in bacteria, mammals, and plants. This enzyme can catalyze a forward reaction in response to the electrochemical gradient, producing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. ATP synthase can also work in a reverse direction by hydrolyzing ATP and generating an electrochemical gradient. Different forms of ATP synthases have evolved special features to meet the specific demands of the cell. Based on their specific feature, ATP...
14.0K
ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps01:34

ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps

5.6K
The P-type pumps are a large family of integral membrane transporter ATPases. They are divided into five major types based on substrate specificity, from I to V.
A typical P-type pump has three cytosolic domains: nucleotide-binding (N), phosphorylation (P), and activator (A) domains. These domains are connected to the membrane-spanning helices by short amino acid segments. ATP hydrolysis and covalent phosphoenzyme intermediate formation are crucial parts of the catalytic cycle. At the highly...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 12, 2025

Use of Stopped-Flow Fluorescence and Labeled Nucleotides to Analyze the ATP Turnover Cycle of Kinesins
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Use of Stopped-Flow Fluorescence and Labeled Nucleotides to Analyze the ATP Turnover Cycle of Kinesins

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ATP Redux.

Raymond S Ochs1

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, St John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA.

Trends in Biochemical Sciences
|March 20, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Metabolic research often focuses on measuring metabolites but neglects established theory. This work revisits the understanding of cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, emphasizing their constancy.

Keywords:
ADPAMPATPkinasemetabolism

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Visualization of ATP Synthase Dimers in Mitochondria by Electron Cryo-tomography
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 12, 2025

Use of Stopped-Flow Fluorescence and Labeled Nucleotides to Analyze the ATP Turnover Cycle of Kinesins
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Use of Stopped-Flow Fluorescence and Labeled Nucleotides to Analyze the ATP Turnover Cycle of Kinesins

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Visualization of ATP Synthase Dimers in Mitochondria by Electron Cryo-tomography
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Detergent-free Ultrafast Reconstitution of Membrane Proteins into Lipid Bilayers Using Fusogenic Complementary-charged Proteoliposomes.
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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Metabolic Research
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Recent advances in metabolomics have spurred renewed interest in metabolism.
  • However, established metabolic theories are being overlooked in favor of high-throughput measurements.
  • A key tenet of metabolic theory is the constant cellular concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address a common misconception regarding the understanding of cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine monophosphate (AMP).
  • To re-emphasize the foundational principle of constant cellular ATP levels in metabolic research.

Main Methods:

  • This study is primarily theoretical, involving a critical review of established metabolic principles.
  • It analyzes the current understanding of adenine nucleotide concentrations within cells.

Main Results:

  • The study highlights a misconception in the current understanding of how cellular ATP, ADP, and AMP function.
  • It reaffirms the early established principle that intracellular ATP concentration remains remarkably constant.

Conclusions:

  • A critical re-evaluation of metabolic theory is necessary, moving beyond solely metabolite measurement.
  • The constancy of cellular ATP is a fundamental concept that should not be disregarded in modern metabolic studies.
  • Correcting the misconception about ATP levels is crucial for advancing metabolic research.