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Related Concept Videos

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

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Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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Photosystem II01:22

Photosystem II

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The multi-protein complex photosystem II (PS II) harvests photons and transfers their energy through its bound pigments to its reaction center, and ultimately to photosystem I (PSI) through the electron transport chain. The pigments responsible for caputirng the light energy in photosystems include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids.
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Photosystem I01:27

Photosystem I

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Although structurally similar to photosystem II (PSII), photosystem I (PSI) is has a different electron supplier and electron acceptor.
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Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

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The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
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Updated: Nov 12, 2025

Electrospinning of Photocatalytic Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells
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Dye-Sensitized Nonstoichiometric Strontium Titanate Core-Shell Photocathodes for Photoelectrosynthesis Applications.

Caroline E Reilly1, Robert J Dillon1, Animesh Nayak1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|March 22, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed p-type dye-sensitized solar cells using a core-shell structure. These cells, featuring strontium titanate shells, achieved significant photocurrents, demonstrating potential for efficient solar energy conversion.

Keywords:
artificial photosynthesiscore−shelldye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cellhole transferphotocathodesstrontium titanate

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Renewable Energy
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are a promising photovoltaic technology.
  • Developing efficient p-type DSSCs is crucial for complementary device architectures.
  • Core-shell nanostructures offer unique advantages for charge separation and transport.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate a core-shell approach for fabricating p-type dye-sensitized solar cells.
  • To optimize the performance of p-type photocathodes using strontium titanate shells.
  • To evaluate the photocurrent generation and recombination kinetics in aqueous media.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of p-type photocathodes using a core-shell strategy with indium tin oxide (ITO) core and strontium titanate (SrTiO3) shell.
  • Coating ITO films with an aluminum oxide (Al2O3) seeding layer.
  • Chemical growth of nonstoichiometric strontium titanate shells.
  • Annealing and sensitization with porphyrin or porphyrin-ruthenium complex chromophores.
  • Photoelectrochemical measurements in aqueous electrolyte under simulated sunlight (AM1.5G).

Main Results:

  • Achieved cathodic photocurrents up to -315 μA/cm² under AM1.5G simulated sunlight.
  • Demonstrated efficient photocurrent generation in aqueous media at pH 5.
  • Observed an increase in photocurrent with the addition of regenerative hole donors.
  • Indicated slow interfacial recombination kinetics, a desirable trait for p-type DSSCs.

Conclusions:

  • The core-shell approach is effective for creating high-performance p-type dye-sensitized solar cells.
  • Strontium titanate as a semiconductor shell material shows promise for p-type DSSC applications.
  • The observed photocurrent behavior suggests potential for further optimization by managing interfacial recombination.