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meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H

All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for the...

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Deliberating Performance Targets: Follow-on workshop discussing PM10, NO2, CO, and SO2 air sensor targets.

R M Duvall1, G S W Hagler1, A L Clements1

  • 1U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.

Atmospheric Environment (Oxford, England : 1994)
|March 22, 2021
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Summary

Air sensor data quality varies significantly. A workshop discussed performance targets for sensors measuring PM10, NO2, CO, and SO2 to improve data reliability and user confidence.

Keywords:
Air sensorsCONO2PM10Performance targetsSO2

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Sensor Technology
  • Data Quality Assessment

Background:

  • Growing worldwide use of air sensor technology leads to variable data quality.
  • Lack of standardized requirements for air sensor technology performance.
  • Need for fit-for-purpose data quality and transparency in sensor applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the purpose and key outcomes of a US EPA workshop on air sensor performance targets.
  • To address the need for clear and consistent approaches to evaluating sensor performance.
  • To discuss the importance of transparency in air sensor data and methodologies.

Main Methods:

  • Workshop convened by the US Environmental Protection Agency in July 2019.
  • Discussions focused on performance targets for specific air pollutants (PM10, NO2, CO, SO2).
  • Consideration of non-regulatory, stationary, outdoor air sensor applications.

Main Results:

  • Identified variability in performance metrics and data quality parameters across studies.
  • Highlighted the need for more consistent sensor evaluation approaches.
  • Participants emphasized the desirability of new guidelines to improve data quality and user confidence.

Conclusions:

  • Development of sensor performance targets and testing protocols is crucial.
  • Increased transparency in testing, performance data, and data processing is essential.
  • Standardized guidelines will enhance data reliability and foster greater user trust in air sensor technology.