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Bitter Melon Extract Yields Multiple Effects on Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Likely Contributes to Anti-diabetic

Chi-I Chang1, Shi-Yie Cheng2, Annisa Oktafianti Nurlatifah1,3

  • 1Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.

International Journal of Medical Sciences
|March 22, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Bitter melon extract (BME) improves glucose utilization in insulin-resistant intestinal cells. It enhances insulin sensitivity, provides insulin substitution, and boosts glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion, contributing to bitter melon's anti-diabetic effects.

Keywords:
AMP-activated protein kinaseMomordica charantia.bitter-taste receptordiabetesglucagon-like peptide 1intestine

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology and Metabolic Regulation
  • Pharmacology of Natural Products

Background:

  • Intestines play a key role in metabolic regulation and glycemic control.
  • The anti-diabetic mechanisms of bitter melon (Momordica charantia) in the intestines are not well understood.
  • Bitter melon constituents interact with intestinal cells before systemic circulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the effects of bitter melon extract (BME) on intestinal epithelial cells.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying BME's anti-diabetic actions within the intestinal context.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of BME composition (carbohydrates, proteins, triterpenoids).
  • Induction of insulin resistance in IEC-18 enterocyte cell line using TNF-α.
  • Assessment of BME's effects on glucose utilization, insulin sensitization, and insulin substitution.
  • Investigation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation and GLP-1 secretion.

Main Results:

  • BME promoted glucose utilization in insulin-resistant intestinal cells.
  • BME exhibited both insulin-sensitizing and insulin-substituting effects, the latter linked to AMPK activation.
  • BME acted as a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretagogue, potentially via bitter-taste receptor activation.

Conclusions:

  • BME exerts insulin-sensitizing, insulin-substituting, and GLP-1 secretagogue functions directly on intestinal cells.
  • These intestinal actions of BME are significant contributors to the overall anti-diabetic efficacy of bitter melon.