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Hands-free interaction in immersive virtual reality: A systematic review.

Pedro Monteiro, Guilherme Goncalves, Hugo Coelho

    IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
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    Hands-free interfaces in virtual reality (VR) are crucial for critical tasks. This review found voice, eye, and head gaze interfaces are common, with voice being versatile for system control and selection.

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    Area of Science:

    • Virtual Reality (VR) and Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)
    • Human-Computer Interaction
    • Virtual Reality

    Background:

    • Hands are essential for interaction in virtual environments, yet often occupied during critical tasks.
    • Surgeons in VR, for example, need hands for instruments, limiting interaction for secondary tasks.
    • Hands-free interfaces are vital to maintain task flow and enable secondary interactions without disruption.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To systematically review literature on hands-free interfaces in virtual environments.
    • To identify interfaces used, interaction tasks performed, evaluation metrics, and their outcomes.
    • To understand the landscape of hands-free interaction in VR for improved usability.

    Main Methods:

    • Systematic literature review of 79 eligible studies.
    • Analysis of identified hands-free interfaces, interaction tasks, and evaluation metrics.
    • Synthesis of reported results for interface effectiveness.

    Main Results:

    • Voice interfaces are the most studied, followed by eye and head gaze.
    • Novel interfaces include brain interfaces and facial expressions.
    • System control and selection are the primary interaction tasks studied, with usability as a common evaluation metric.
    • Voice interfaces demonstrated versatility and positive results across multiple studies.

    Conclusions:

    • Voice interfaces are a versatile and effective hands-free option for virtual reality interactions.
    • The choice of interface depends on specific task requirements and study contexts.
    • Further research is recommended for formal evaluation and practical application enhancement of hands-free interfaces.