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Constraining maximum event magnitude during injection-triggered seismicity.

Ziyan Li1,2, Derek Elsworth3,4,5, Chaoyi Wang6,7,8

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Understanding fluid injection-triggered seismicity is crucial for safety. This study defines maximum earthquake magnitudes based on stress and injection volume, offering a new framework for hazard assessment.

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Area of Science:

  • Geophysics
  • Earthquake Science
  • Fluid Injection Dynamics

Background:

  • Fluid injection can trigger earthquakes, posing risks as demonstrated by events like the Mw 5.5 Pohang earthquake.
  • Accurate prediction of triggered seismicity magnitude is essential for risk mitigation strategies.
  • Existing methodologies struggle to constrain maximum event magnitudes, especially for preloaded faults.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a robust methodology for estimating maximum earthquake magnitudes induced by fluid injection.
  • To identify critical antecedent conditions and fluid injection parameters that control triggered seismicity.
  • To establish a unified framework for understanding triggered seismicity across various scales.

Main Methods:

  • Laboratory fluid injection experiments on prestressed faults under controlled boundary conditions and injection rates.
  • Development of a theoretical framework linking pre-existing stress, fluid injection volume, and maximum triggered event magnitude.
  • Analysis of shear slip to dilation rate ratios as a proxy for impending fault rupture.

Main Results:

  • Maximum event magnitudes were successfully estimated as a function of critical stresses and fluid injection volume.
  • Laboratory experiments validated the theoretical estimates of triggered moment magnitudes.
  • Shear slip to dilation rate ratios were observed to signal fault triggering and potential rupture.

Conclusions:

  • A new framework accurately constrains maximum event size for preloaded faults, unifying laboratory and field observations.
  • The study provides a measurable proxy for impending rupture, enhancing seismic hazard assessment.
  • This research offers critical insights for defining safer fluid injection strategies and mitigating seismic risks.