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Redox Reactions

Redox Reactions

Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...

Corrosion

Corrosion

The degradation of metals due to natural electrochemical processes is known as corrosion. Rust formation on iron, tarnishing of silver, and the blue-green patina that develops on copper are examples of corrosion. Corrosion involves the oxidation of metals. Sometimes it is protective, such as the oxidation of copper or aluminum, wherein a protective layer of metal oxide or its derivatives forms on the surface, protecting the underlying metal from further oxidation. In other cases, corrosion is...

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Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...

Oxidation Numbers

Oxidation Numbers

In redox reactions, the transfer of electrons occurs between reacting species. Electron transfer is described by a hypothetical number called the oxidation number (or oxidation state). It represents the effective charge of an atom or element, which is assigned using a set of rules.

Electrodeposition

Electrodeposition

Electrodeposition is a technique used to separate an analyte from interferents by electrochemical processes. Here, the analyte is a metal ion that can be deposited on an electrode immersed in the sample solution. The electrochemical setup consists of an anode and a cathode. When an electric current is applied to the setup, oxidation occurs at the anode. At the cathode, which consists of a large metal surface, metal ions undergo reduction and deposit onto the surface.
Electrodeposition can...

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 11, 2025

Accumulation and Analysis of Cuprous Ions in a Copper Sulfate Plating Solution

Accumulation and Analysis of Cuprous Ions in a Copper Sulfate Plating Solution

Published on: March 20, 2019

Color of Copper/Copper Oxide.

Su Jae Kim¹, Seonghoon Kim², Jegon Lee³

¹Crystal Bank Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|March 22, 2021

Summary

Researchers achieved full-color tuning in copper oxides by precisely controlling oxidation layer thickness. This breakthrough enables new possibilities for structural color and optoelectronics applications.

Keywords:

atomic sputtering epitaxy (ASE)coherent oxidation color control interfaces laser-oxide lithography single-crystal copper thin films

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Improved Heterojunction Quality in Cu2O-based Solar Cells Through the Optimization of Atmospheric Pressure Spatial Atomic Layer Deposited Zn1-xMgxO

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Published on: April 24, 2014

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Nanotechnology
Optoelectronics

Background:

Stochastic oxidation in copper (Cu) hinders color tuning and bandgap engineering of oxides.
Achieving coherent control of metal-metal oxide interfaces is a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate coherent control of oxidation fronts in single-crystal Cu thin films.
To achieve full-color spectrum tuning and explore optoelectronic functionalities.

Main Methods:

Utilized atomic-sputtering epitaxy for grain-boundary-free, atomically flat Cu films.
Employed heat treatment with suppressed temperature gradients for precise oxide layer control.
Applied Fresnel equations and dielectric functions for structural color analysis.

Main Results:

Achieved precise control over oxide layer thickness, enabling full-color tuning (covering ≈50.4% of RGB color space).
Demonstrated laser-oxide lithography with micrometer-scale features for optoelectronic applications.
Established an abrupt interface between copper and copper oxide through controlled heat treatment.

Conclusions:

Coherent control of oxidation fronts allows for precise color tuning and bandgap engineering in copper oxides.
The developed method provides a pathway for advanced structural color and integrated optoelectronics.