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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Related Experiment Video

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Machine Learning Solutions for Osteoporosis-A Review.

Julien Smets1, Enisa Shevroja1, Thomas Hügle2

  • 1Center of Bone Diseases, Bone and Joint Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
|March 22, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Machine learning (ML) shows promise for osteoporosis and fracture detection, but current studies often lack quality. Improving reporting and validation is key for applying artificial intelligence (AI) in bone health management.

Keywords:
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEFRACTURE PREDICTIONMACHINE LEARNINGOSTEOPOROSISRISK ASSESSMENT

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Data Science
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Osteoporosis and fractures are complex, multifactorial diseases requiring advanced analytical methods.
  • Machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) offer potential for analyzing high-dimensional data in bone health.
  • Despite advancements, technical and clinical concerns exist regarding ML application in osteoporosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the application of ML in osteoporosis management.
  • To outline concerns and inform stakeholders on using AI for osteoporosis.
  • To identify promising ML applications and areas for improvement in research.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of PubMed and Web of Science.
  • Inclusion of 89 studies covering bone properties, classification, fracture detection, and risk prediction.
  • Quality assessment using a 12-point checklist to evaluate reporting and methodology.

Main Results:

  • Studies were of moderate quality (mode score 6, range 2-11).
  • Common limitations included incomplete reporting, inadequate data splitting, and lack of external validation.
  • Image-based opportunistic diagnosis and fracture detection showed promise.

Conclusions:

  • ML offers significant potential for osteoporosis diagnosis, fracture detection, and risk prediction.
  • Standardized checklists are recommended to improve ML model development and reporting.
  • Further research should focus on external validation and identifying novel risk factors.