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Cardiorenal Syndrome

Zaccaria Ricci1, Stefano Romagnoli2, Claudio Ronco3

  • 1Department of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, P.zza S.Onofrio 4, Rome 00165, Italy; Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.

Critical Care Clinics
|March 23, 2021
PubMed

Insights

Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) involves heart and kidney dysfunction impacting each other. This review details CRS classification, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, and emerging aspects in various patient groups.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Nephrology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is a complex condition where heart and kidney dysfunction are interconnected.
  • It encompasses both acute and chronic presentations, affecting either organ primarily and the other secondarily.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of Cardiorenal Syndrome (CRS).
  • To detail the classification, epidemiology, risk factors, and pathophysiology of CRS.
  • To discuss emerging aspects and pediatric considerations of CRS.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on Cardiorenal Syndrome.
  • Detailed analysis of CRS classification systems.
  • Exploration of pathophysiological mechanisms linking cardiac and renal systems.

Main Results:

  • CRS is classified into five distinct categories, including acute/chronic forms and renocardiac syndromes.
  • Key risk factors and detailed pathophysiological pathways are outlined.
  • Emerging clinical scenarios like CRS in end-stage heart failure and pediatric cases are discussed.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding CRS classification and pathophysiology is crucial for effective management.
  • Emerging aspects highlight the expanding scope and complexity of CRS.
  • Further research into pediatric CRS is warranted.

Keywords:
Acute kidney injuryCardiorenal syndromeHeart failureHeart transplantationPediatric cardiorenal syndromeRenocardiac syndromeVentricular-assist device

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