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Swearing and coprophenomena - A multidimensional approach.

Asne Senberg1, Alexander Münchau2, Thomas Münte3

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Summary

This review compares everyday swearing in healthy individuals with coprolalia (involuntary taboo word outbursts) in Tourette syndrome (TS). It proposes a new framework to understand both phenomena, highlighting research gaps in related behaviors like obscene gestures.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Linguistics
  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Swearing constitutes approximately 0.5% of daily speech, with high individual variation.
  • Coprolalia, involuntary taboo word utterance, affects 20-30% of Tourette syndrome (TS) patients.
  • Limited research exists on copropraxia (compulsive obscene gestures).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare swearing in healthy individuals and coprolalia in TS patients.
  • To develop a multidimensional framework for understanding both phenomena.
  • To identify research gaps and propose new questions regarding swearing, obscene gestures, and coprophenomena.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review comparing existing research on swearing and coprolalia.
  • Development of a unified theoretical framework integrating diverse findings.
  • Synthesis of research on obscene gestures and copropraxia.

Main Results:

  • A novel multidimensional framework is proposed, integrating reasons, targets, functions/effects, and influencing factors for both swearing and coprolalia.
  • The review highlights the scarcity of research on coprophenomena beyond coprolalia.
  • Identifies significant gaps in understanding the nuances of swearing and related gestural behaviors.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive framework can unify the study of voluntary swearing and involuntary coprolalia.
  • Further research is needed to explore the full spectrum of coprophenomena, including obscene gestures.
  • New avenues for research are proposed to deepen our understanding of taboo word usage and expression.