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Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are...
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Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 11, 2025

Grafting of Beads into Developing Chicken Embryo Limbs to Identify Signal Transduction Pathways Affecting Gene Expression
11:48

Grafting of Beads into Developing Chicken Embryo Limbs to Identify Signal Transduction Pathways Affecting Gene Expression

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Multi-Copy Gene Family Evolution on the Avian W Chromosome.

Thea F Rogers1, Tommaso Pizzari1, Alison E Wright2

  • 1Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, UK.

The Journal of Heredity
|March 24, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gene amplification on avian W chromosomes is less common than on Y chromosomes. Studies on HINTW gene family in chickens and ducks suggest varying evolutionary pressures, challenging its role in female fecundity.

Keywords:
HINTWY chromosomecopy number evolutionsex chromosomes

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genomics
  • Sex chromosome evolution

Background:

  • Sex chromosomes exhibit unique evolutionary paths, often with unusual gene content and amplification.
  • Y chromosome studies dominate research on sex-linked gene amplification, with limited data on W chromosomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate gene copy number variation and evolution on the avian W chromosome.
  • Examine the evolutionary drivers of the HINTW gene family in chickens and ducks.

Main Methods:

  • Quantified gene copy number and variability on the duck W chromosome.
  • Analyzed HINTW gene family evolution across chicken and duck breeds under different selection regimes.

Main Results:

  • Found limited gene families and conserved W-linked gene copy number in ducks, contrasting with Y chromosome amplification patterns.
  • Identified potential fecundity-related selection for HINTW amplification in chickens, but purifying selection dominates in ducks.

Conclusions:

  • Gene amplification may not be a universal feature of avian sex chromosome evolution.
  • The HINTW gene's role in female fecundity across avian species is questionable, with divergent evolutionary pressures observed between chickens and ducks.