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Related Concept Videos

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

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Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
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Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

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As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary...
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Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

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Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...
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Design Example: Deciding Thickness of Lubricating Fluid in a Shaft01:23

Design Example: Deciding Thickness of Lubricating Fluid in a Shaft

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Effective lubrication between a rotating shaft and its bearing housing is essential in rotating machinery to minimize friction, wear, and energy loss. With carefully controlled thickness and viscosity, the lubricant layer prevents metal-to-metal contact, ensuring smooth operation.
To calculate the required thickness of the lubricant layer, the tangential velocity at the shaft's surface must first be determined. This velocity is calculated by converting the rotational speed to angular velocity...
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Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 11, 2025

A Friction Testing-Bioreactor Device for Study of Synovial Joint Biomechanics, Mechanobiology, and Physical Regulation
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A Friction Testing-Bioreactor Device for Study of Synovial Joint Biomechanics, Mechanobiology, and Physical Regulation

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Recent Progress in Cartilage Lubrication.

Weifeng Lin1, Jacob Klein1

  • 1Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|March 24, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Articular cartilage achieves ultra-low friction, crucial for joint health and preventing osteoarthritis. Recent research explores hydration lubrication and molecular synergy for natural and bio-inspired joint lubricants.

Keywords:
biolubricationboundary lubricationcartilage lubricationhydration lubricationphospholipid lubricants

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Last Updated: Nov 11, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Tribology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Articular cartilage provides exceptionally low friction (0.001), vital for joint function and preventing degradation.
  • Low friction minimizes wear, reducing osteoarthritis risk and regulating chondrocyte function via shear stress.
  • Understanding cartilage lubrication is key to developing treatments for joint diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the relationship between articular cartilage's frictional behavior and its cellular mechanical environment.
  • To review joint lubrication mechanisms, focusing on boundary and hydration lubrication.
  • To discuss recent advancements in natural and bio-inspired lubricants for joint health.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cartilage tribology and lubrication mechanisms.
  • Analysis of the interplay between cellular mechanics and frictional properties.
  • Synthesis of recent findings on hydration lubrication and molecular synergies.

Main Results:

  • Articular cartilage's low friction is essential for joint homeostasis and preventing osteoarthritis.
  • Hydration lubrication and a synergy of molecular components are proposed mechanisms for joint lubrication.
  • Advancements in developing natural and bio-inspired lubricants are highlighted.

Conclusions:

  • The study emphasizes the importance of understanding cartilage lubrication for managing joint diseases.
  • A synergistic action of joint components is crucial for achieving ultra-low friction.
  • Development of novel lubricants holds promise for future therapeutic interventions.