Effect of salinity on cable bacteria species composition and diversity

Cable bacteria (CB) are Desulfobulbaceae that couple sulphide oxidation to oxygen reduction over centimetre distances by mediating electric currents. Recently, it was suggested that the CB clade is composed of two genera, Ca. Electronema and Ca. Electrothrix, with distinct freshwater and marine habitats respectively. However, only a few studies have reported CB from freshwater sediment, making this distinction uncertain. Here, we report novel data to show that salinity is a controlling factor for the diversity and the species composition within CB populations. CB sampled from a freshwater site (salinity 0.3) grouped into Ca. Electronema and could not grow under brackish conditions (salinity 21), whereas CB from a brackish site (salinity 21) grouped into Ca. Electrothrix and decreased by 93% in activity under freshwater conditions. On a regional scale (Baltic Sea), salinity significantly influenced species richness and composition. However, other environmental factors, such as temperature and quantity and quality of organic matter were also important to explain the observed variation. A global survey of 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing revealed that the two genera did not co-occur likely because of competitive exclusion and identified a possible third genus.