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Updated: Nov 11, 2025
In vitro Assessment of Aortic Regurgitation Using Four-Dimensional Flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Published on: February 25, 2022
Visualization of Human Aortic Valve Dynamics Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Sub-Millisecond Temporal
Zheng Zhong1,2, Kaibao Sun1, Guangyu Dan1,2
1Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Background:
Visualization of aortic valve dynamics is important in diagnosing valvular diseases but is challenging to perform with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) due to the limited temporal resolution.
Purpose:
To develop an MRI technique with sub-millisecond temporal resolution and demonstrate its application in visualizing rapid aortic valve opening and closing in human subjects in comparison with echocardiography and conventional MRI techniques.
Study Type:
Prospective.
Population:
Twelve healthy subjects.
Field Strength/Sequence:
3 T; gradient-echo-train-based sub-millisecond periodic event encoded imaging (get-SPEEDI) and balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP).
Assessment:
Images were acquired using get-SPEEDI with a temporal resolution of 0.6 msec. get-SPEEDI was triggered by an electrocardiogram so that each echo in the gradient echo train corresponded to an image at a specific time point, providing a time-resolved characterization of aortic valve dynamics. For comparison, bSSFP was also employed with 12 msec and 24 msec temporal resolutions, respectively. The durations of the aortic valve rapid opening (Tro ), rapid closing (Trc ), and the maximal aortic valve area (AVA) normalized to height were measured with all three temporal resolutions. M-mode echocardiograms with a temporal resolution of 0.8 msec were obtained for further comparison.
Statistical Test:
Parameters were compared between the three sequences, together with the echocardiography results, with a Mann-Whitney U test.
Results:
Significantly shorter Tro (mean ± SD: 27.5 ± 6.7 msec) and Trc (43.8 ± 11.6 msec) and larger maximal AVA/height (2.01 ± 0.29 cm2 /m) were measured with get-SPEEDI compared to either bSSFP sequence (Tro of 56.3 ± 18.8 and 63.8 ± 20.2 msec; Trc of 68.2 ± 16.6 and 72.8 ± 18.2 msec; maximal AVA/height of 1.63 ± 0.28 and 1.65 ± 0.32 cm2 /m for 12 msec and 24 msec temporal resolutions, respectively, P < 0.05). In addition, the get-SPEEDI results were more consistent with those measured using echocardiography, especially for Tro (29.0 ± 4.1 msec, P = 0.79) and Trc (41.6 ± 4.3 msec, P = 0.16). DATA CONCLUSION: get-SPEEDI allows for visualization of human aortic valve dynamics and provided values closer to those measured using echocardiography than the bSSFP sequences.
Level Of Evidence:
1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 1.
