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Summertime increases in upper-ocean stratification and mixed-layer depth.

Jean-Baptiste Sallée1, Violaine Pellichero2,3, Camille Akhoudas4

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ocean warming is increasing upper ocean stability and deepening the mixed layer, contrary to previous assumptions. This study reveals significant changes in the world's upper ocean over five decades.

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Area of Science:

  • Oceanography
  • Climate Science
  • Marine Ecosystems

Background:

  • The ocean's surface mixed layer is crucial for regulating global climate through heat and carbon exchange.
  • It also supports marine ecosystems and oxygenates deep ocean layers.
  • Changes in the mixed layer due to climate change are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate changes in the ocean's mixed layer depth and stability.
  • To analyze trends from 1970 to 2018 using oceanographic observations.
  • To understand the implications for marine primary production and ocean dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized oceanographic observations from 1970 to 2018.
  • Applied a physically based definition of upper-ocean stability.
  • Analyzed trends in density contrast and mixed layer depth across global ocean regimes.

Main Results:

  • The density contrast across the mixed layer base significantly increased (8.9 ± 2.7% per decade).
  • Contrary to expectations, the mixed layer deepened (2.9 ± 0.5% per decade, or 5-10m/decade).
  • Concurrent stratification and deepening are linked to surface warming, freshening, and intensified turbulence.

Conclusions:

  • The study reveals substantial, previously underestimated changes in the world's upper ocean.
  • Findings challenge prior assumptions about mixed layer thinning with increased stratification.
  • Results necessitate a re-evaluation of drivers impacting marine primary production and ocean ecosystems.