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Related Concept Videos

Mechanisms of Membrane-bending01:15

Mechanisms of Membrane-bending

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The living membranes are flexible due to their fluid mosaic nature; however, their bending into different shapes is an active process regulated by specific lipids and proteins. The membrane bending can be transient as seen in vesicles or stable for a long time as in microvilli. Cells regulate the size, location, and duration of the membrane curvature.
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After folding, the ER assesses the quality of secretory and membrane proteins. The correctly folded proteins are cleared by the calnexin cycle for transport to their final destination, while misfolded proteins are held back in the ER lumen. The ER chaperones attempt to unfold and refold the misfolded proteins but sometimes fail to achieve the correct native conformation. Such terminally misfolded proteins are then exported to the cytosol by ER-associated degradation or ERAD pathway for...
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Biological membranes are more than just a barrier separating cell cytoplasm from the outside environment. They are highly dynamic and help maintain the integrity and physiological stability of the cells as well as membrane-bound organelles. Membranes also play vital roles in cell-to-cell and intracellular communication.
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Cell division and enlargement are processes that require precise control. The control ensures that cell division cannot proceed unless the cell has grown to a specific size. A spherical, dividing cell requires an approximately 1.6X increase in its surface area to double its volume. The secretory pathway also has a significant role in cell membrane enlargement. Secretory vesicles that bud off from the Golgi apparatus and later fuse with the plasma membrane during exocytosis are a major source of...
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Blebs are a type of membrane protrusion formed by the internal hydrostatic pressure of the cytoplasm. Blebs are observed in several cell types, including fibroblasts, immune cells, and single-celled organisms like the amoeba. The primary function of blebs is cell locomotion and apoptosis, but they are also found during necrosis and cell division. The life cycle of a bleb comprises an initiation phase followed by the expansion and retraction phases.
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Enzymes like flippase, floppase, and scramblase transfer phospholipids from one layer to another in the membrane, thereby affecting membrane asymmetry.
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A High-content Assay for Monitoring AMPA Receptor Trafficking
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Membrane Remodeling by Arc/Arg3.1.

Per Niklas Hedde1,2, Leonel Malacrida3,4, Barbara Barylko5

  • 1Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States.

Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences
|March 25, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Activity-regulated cytoskeletal-associated protein (Arc) forms viral-like structures that bud from cells. These structures may facilitate the transfer of Arc mRNA to neighboring cells, influencing synaptic plasticity and memory formation.

Keywords:
ArcGUVfluorescencegiant unilamellar vesiclemembrane buddingmembrane remodeling

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Activity-regulated cytoskeletal-associated protein (Arc) is crucial for synaptic plasticity and memory.
  • Arc mediates AMPA receptor endocytosis in dendritic spines.
  • Arc shares structural similarities with HIV Gag and forms extracellular, virus-like particles containing its own mRNA.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interaction of Arc with cell membranes.
  • To elucidate the mechanism by which Arc influences membrane dynamics and vesicle formation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) to model cell membranes.
  • Employed the fluorescent lipid probe LAURDAN to observe membrane-associated events.
  • Analyzed Arc's effect on GUV structure and vesicle budding.

Main Results:

  • Arc promotes the formation of smaller vesicles that internalize within GUVs.
  • Arc induces negative membrane curvature.
  • These findings suggest Arc facilitates the budding of mRNA-containing extracellular vesicles.

Conclusions:

  • Arc's interaction with membranes drives the formation of extracellular vesicles.
  • Arc plays a novel role in intercellular communication via mRNA transfer.
  • This mechanism may contribute to Arc's role in synaptic plasticity and memory.