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Related Concept Videos

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

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As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
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A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous...
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The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 11, 2025

Optical Sectioning and Visualization of the Intervertebral Disc from Embryonic Development to Degeneration
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Intervertebral disc degeneration and regeneration: a motion segment perspective.

B Ashinsky, H E Smith, R L Mauck

  • 1Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Centre, Research, Building 21, Rm A214, 3900 Woodland Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.sgullb@pennmedicine.upenn.edu.

European Cells & Materials
|March 25, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Back and neck pain are global health issues often caused by intervertebral disc degeneration. Regenerative therapies must address the whole spinal motion segment, not just the disc, for effective treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics and Regenerative Medicine
  • Spinal Health and Biomechanics

Background:

  • Back and neck pain represent significant global disability and healthcare burdens.
  • Intervertebral disc degeneration is a primary pain source, affecting annulus fibrosus (AF) and nucleus pulposus (NP).
  • Degeneration extends beyond the disc to adjacent spinal structures, complicating treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review associations between back pain, disc degeneration, and adjacent spinal tissue pathology.
  • To discuss regenerative strategies from a whole spinal motion segment perspective.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current knowledge on spinal degeneration.
  • Analysis of intervertebral disc degeneration and associated pathologies.
  • Evaluation of regenerative therapeutic approaches.

Main Results:

  • Disc degeneration is linked to endplate, AF-vertebral body interface, facet joint, and muscle degeneration.
  • A holistic approach considering the entire motion segment is crucial for effective regenerative therapies.
  • Current regenerative strategies are evolving to address multifactorial spinal degeneration.

Conclusions:

  • Effective treatment of back and neck pain requires a comprehensive understanding of spinal motion segment degeneration.
  • Future regenerative therapies should target multiple tissues within the motion segment.
  • Addressing adjacent tissue pathology is vital for successful pain and degeneration management.