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Related Concept Videos

Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
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Lobes of the Cerebrum01:22

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The cerebral cortex, a critical structure of the brain, is intricately divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four distinct lobes: occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal. These lobes function cooperatively to regulate various cognitive and sensory functions, forming the basis of our complex neural capabilities.
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobes, located behind the forehead, are the command center of our brain, controlling personality, intelligence, and voluntary muscle movements....
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Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System01:15

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The limbic system, often called the "emotional brain," is a complex set of structures located deep within the brain. The intricate network of the limbic system supports a wide range of psychological functions, from emotional regulation to memory formation and sensory processing. This functional brain region encompasses specific parts of the diencephalon and the cerebrum, integrating the higher mental functions of the cerebral cortex with the primitive emotional responses of the deep brain...
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Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory01:14

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The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the...
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Stress01:20

Stress

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When a force is applied on a body, it undergoes deformation. In order to restore the body to its original shape and/or size, an opposite or restoring force is generated within the body. This restoring force is equal to the magnitude of the applied force, but acts in the opposite direction. The amount of this restoring force developed per unit area of the body is called stress. Stress is a tensor quantity and has the SI unit pascal. Stress can be separated into four broad categories depending...
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Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 11, 2025

Real-time fMRI Biofeedback Targeting the Orbitofrontal Cortex for Contamination Anxiety
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The stressed orbitofrontal cortex.

Michelle K Sequeira1, Shannon L Gourley1

  • 1Graduate Training Program in Neuroscience.

Behavioral Neuroscience
|March 25, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Stress impacts brain structure, specifically altering orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) neuron dendrites. This review explores how prenatal, postnatal, and inter-generational stress affects OFC neuron structure and gene expression in rodents.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurobiology
  • Stress Research

Background:

  • Stressor exposure leads to dendritic remodeling in excitatory neurons across brain regions, including the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC).
  • Cognitive functions reliant on the OFC are impaired by stress and stress hormone exposure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current literature on how various forms of stress (prenatal, postnatal, inter-generational) affect OFC neuron structure in rodents.
  • To provide a focused resource on stress-induced changes in the heterogeneous OFC.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating stress effects on rodent OFC.
  • Analysis of research on dendrite structure, dendritic spines, and gene expression in OFC neurons following stress exposure.

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Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 11, 2025

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Main Results:

  • Stressors induce significant changes in dendritic structure and spine morphology in OFC neurons.
  • Evidence suggests alterations in gene expression related to neuronal plasticity in the OFC under stress conditions.
  • Different stress paradigms (prenatal, postnatal, inter-generational) elicit distinct structural modifications in OFC neurons.

Conclusions:

  • Stress profoundly impacts the structural plasticity of OFC neurons, with implications for cognitive function.
  • Understanding these stress-induced neural changes is crucial for addressing cognitive deficits associated with stress.
  • This review highlights the OFC as a key brain region vulnerable to the structural consequences of stress across the lifespan.