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Related Concept Videos

Parental Care00:55

Parental Care

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Many animals exhibit parental care behavior, including feeding, grooming, and protecting young offspring. Parental care is universal in mammals and birds, which often have young that are born relatively helpless. Several species of insects and fish, as well as some amphibians, also care for their young.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 11, 2025

A Common Marmoset Model of Mother-Infant Intervention for Breastfeeding Disorders in the Presence of Paternal Inhibition and Maternal Neglect
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Kangaroo mother care: EN-BIRTH multi-country validation study.

Nahya Salim1,2, Josephine Shabani3, Kimberly Peven4,5

  • 1Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. nsalim@ihi.or.tz.

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
|March 26, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Routine hospital data and exit surveys accurately track Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) coverage, crucial for scaling up this life-saving intervention for vulnerable newborns. Further research on KMC quality measurement is needed.

Keywords:
BirthCoverageHealth management systemsHospital recordsKangaroo mother careMaternalNewbornPretermSurveyValidity

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Health
  • Public Health Surveillance
  • Health Systems Research

Background:

  • Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) significantly reduces mortality in stable neonates weighing ≤2000g.
  • Current data collection methods in surveys and routine systems hinder the scale-up of KMC.
  • This study assesses KMC measurement within the Every Newborn Birth Indicators Research Tracking in Hospitals (EN-BIRTH) project.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the accuracy of routine hospital registers and women's exit surveys in measuring KMC coverage.
  • To identify gaps in the quality of KMC provision and the patient experience.
  • To explore barriers and enablers for accurate KMC data recording in routine systems.

Main Methods:

  • An observational mixed-methods study was conducted in five hospitals across Bangladesh, Nepal, and Tanzania (2017-2018).
  • Clinical observers collected gold-standard, time-stamped KMC data for comparison with routine records and exit surveys.
  • Qualitative data explored challenges and facilitators in KMC data collection and reporting.

Main Results:

  • Both exit-survey reported (99.9%) and register-recorded (92.9%) KMC coverage showed high validity compared to observed data.
  • KMC-specific registers were more effective than general registers; data usefulness was an enabler, while data duplication and workload were barriers.
  • Identified quality gaps included incorrect infant positioning and insufficient skin-to-skin duration (only 10.6% met ≥20h daily in one site) and feeding frequency (36.5% met ≥8/day in one site).

Conclusions:

  • Routine hospital KMC registers and exit surveys are viable tools for tracking KMC coverage in facility settings.
  • Standardizing definitions for KMC content, quality, and experience is essential for consistent measurement.
  • Prioritizing research in KMC measurement will facilitate the scale-up of high-quality care for vulnerable neonates.