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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 11, 2025

The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia
08:34

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Published on: December 14, 2012

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Replicating five pupillometry studies of Eckhard Hess.

J C F de Winter1, S M Petermeijer1, L Kooijman1

  • 1Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands.

International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology
|March 26, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pupil diameter changes reflect mental effort and arousal, replicating some of Hess's findings. However, gender differences in pupil response and pupil mimicry hypotheses were not supported by this study.

Keywords:
ArousalGender differencesInterestMental demandsPupil dilationReplication study

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Eckhard Hess's research in the 1960s-70s suggested pupil dilation/constriction relates to interest, arousal, and mental demand.
  • Hess's studies often used small sample sizes and lacked controlled luminance conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To replicate five of Hess's studies using modern equipment and rigorous methodology.
  • To investigate pupil diameter changes (PC) in response to visual stimuli, mental effort, and arousal.
  • To examine potential gender differences in pupil responses.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted two experiments with large sample sizes (N=182 and N=147).
  • Replicated Hess's studies using updated technology and controlled luminance.
  • Measured pupil diameter changes in response to varying stimuli, including cognitive tasks and emotionally charged content.

Main Results:

  • Pupil dilation increased with higher mental demands (difficult multiplications) and arousing words.
  • Hypotheses regarding gender differences in pupil response and pupil mimicry were not supported.
  • Pupil diameter change correlated significantly with the luminance of viewed locations.

Conclusions:

  • Replicated Hess's core findings on pupil dilation linked to mental effort and arousal.
  • Concluded that pupil mimicry and specific gender differences in pupil dilation are not consistently supported.
  • Highlighted the influence of stimulus luminance on pupil responses.