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Updated: Nov 11, 2025
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Published on: April 1, 2022
Pressure Cooker Technique for Endovascular Treatment of Spinal Arteriovenous Fistulas: Experience in 15 Cases
F Clarençon1,2,3, C P Stracke4, E Shotar5
1From the Departments of Neuroradiology (F.C., E.S., N.S.) frederic.clarencon@aphp.fr.
Background And Purpose:
Spinal arteriovenous fistulas are challenging to cure by endovascular means, with a risk of incomplete occlusion or delayed recurrence. The authors report herein their preliminary experience using the pressure cooker technique for the embolization of spinal arteriovenous fistulas.
Materials And Methods:
Fifteen patients (8 men; mean age, 60.3 years) underwent an endovascular treatment of a spinal arteriovenous fistula (12 dural spinal arteriovenous fistulas and 3 epidural spinal arteriovenous fistulas) in 2 different institutions using the pressure cooker technique. Two microcatheters could be navigated in the segmental artery in all patients using 2 guiding catheters. A proximal plug was achieved with highly concentrated cyanoacrylate ± coils. The liquid embolic agent injected to cure the fistula was diluted cyanoacrylate (n = 11) or ethylene-vinyl alcohol (n = 4). Technical and clinical complications were systematically recorded. Clinical and angiographic outcomes were systematically evaluated at follow-up.
Results:
One (6.7%) procedure-related complication was recorded, which consisted of a transient radicular deficit, related to nerve root ischemia. Clinical improvement was observed in 10/14 (71%) patients for whom clinical follow-up was available. Complete spinal arteriovenous fistula occlusion on a follow-up angiography was observed in 11/12 patients (91.7%) for whom angiographic follow-up was available. One patient (8.3%) presented with a delayed recurrence at 29 months.
Conclusions:
The pressure cooker technique is feasible, with either glue or ethylene-vinyl alcohol, for the embolization of spinal arteriovenous fistulas. Our results suggest the safety and effectiveness of this technique.
