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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 11, 2025

Characterization and Functional Prediction of Bacteria in Ovarian Tissues
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The microbiome and human cancer.

Gregory D Sepich-Poore1, Laurence Zitvogel2,3,4,5, Ravid Straussman6

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|March 26, 2021
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Microbes may play roles in cancer, influencing immunity and treatment. This review distinguishes between direct causation and complicity, exploring the immuno-oncology-microbiome axis for future cancer research.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Microbiology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The role of microbes in cancer has been debated for centuries.
  • Recent research suggests microbes are involved in cancer immunotherapy and metastasis treatment.
  • However, few microbes are definitively known to cause cancer directly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically evaluate the evidence for microbial involvement in cancer.
  • To differentiate between causal and complicit roles of microbes in carcinogenesis.
  • To explore the immuno-oncology-microbiome axis and future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and critical analysis of existing studies.
  • Delineation of microbial roles (causal vs. complicit) in cancer.
  • Examination of the influence of microbes on the host immune system.

Main Results:

  • Microbes can be either causal or complicit in cancer development.
  • The host immune system is a key mediator in the immuno-oncology-microbiome axis.
  • Intratumoral microbes and microbiome manipulation strategies are discussed.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the complex interplay between microbes and cancer is crucial.
  • Future research should focus on the immuno-oncology-microbiome axis.
  • Manipulating the microbiome holds potential for cancer treatment.