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Related Concept Videos

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The inner ear assumes dual functionalities of auditory perception and equilibrium maintenance. The vestibule is the organ responsible for balance. This organ contains mechanoreceptors, specifically hair cells, endowed with stereocilia, which aid in deciphering information regarding the position and motion of our heads. Two intrinsic components, the utricle and saccule, help perceive head position, while the semicircular canals track head movement. Neurological messages initiated in the...
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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
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The vestibular system is a set of inner ear structures that provide a sense of balance and spatial orientation. This system is comprised of structures within the labyrinth of the inner ear, including the cochlea and two otolith organs—the utricle and saccule. The labyrinth also contains three semicircular canals—superior, posterior, and horizontal—that are oriented on different planes.
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The cerebellum, also known as the "little brain," is located in the posterior cranial fossa, inferior to the tentorium cerebelli and dorsal to the brainstem. It plays a significant role in motor control, coordination, and proprioception.
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The thalamus, often called “the gateway to the cerebral cortex,” is vital in processing and directing sensory and motor signals throughout the brain. Almost all inputs destined for the cerebral cortex, except for olfactory signals, are relayed through the thalamus. The thalamus is  a sophisticated relay station, channeling information from various brain regions to the cerebral cortex, as well as a filter, prioritizing certain signals over others based on current physiological...
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Adaptive Balance in Posterior Cerebellum.

Neal H Barmack1, Vito Enrico Pettorossi2

  • 1Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.

Frontiers in Neurology
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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The cerebellum

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cerebellar Function
  • Sensory Integration

Background:

  • The cerebellum, specifically lobules IX-X and lobule X, processes three-dimensional vestibular and optokinetic information.
  • Vermal lobules IX-X handle gravity and head movement, while hemispheric lobule X processes self-motion via optokinetic feedback.
  • Adaptation in these cerebellar circuits is crucial for maintaining balance during self-motion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the adaptive mechanisms within the cerebellum's vestibular and optokinetic systems.
  • To explore how these adaptations contribute to the control of balance.
  • To discuss cellular and molecular changes underlying sensory adaptation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cerebellar function and adaptation.
  • Analysis of behavioral, cellular, and subcellular evidence of adaptation.
  • Discussion of neurochemical and neurosteroid influences on adaptation.

Main Results:

  • Prolonged vestibular or optokinetic stimulation leads to persistent reflexive eye movements.
  • Optokinetic stimulation influences corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) expression and microRNA regulation of GABAA receptors.
  • Neurosteroids like estradiol (E2) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) modulate vestibular nuclear neuron adaptation.

Conclusions:

  • Adaptive changes in cerebellar lobule X, inferior olivary nuclei, and vestibular nuclei are vital for balance control.
  • Molecular mechanisms involving CRF, microRNAs, and neurosteroids underpin vestibular and optokinetic adaptation.
  • Understanding these adaptations provides insight into maintaining postural stability.