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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
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Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
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Dementia is a collective term for cognitive disorders primarily affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning. It is not a specific disease but a syndrome, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common cause, accounting for approximately 60-80% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults, though it is not a normal part of aging.
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Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is pathologically identified by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein. AD pharmacotherapy aims to manage cognitive symptoms, delay disease progression, and treat behavioral symptoms. The treatment is primarily symptomatic and palliative, with no definitive disease-modifying therapy available. Cholinesterase inhibitors, including donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne), are...
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Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is...
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Updated: Nov 11, 2025

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Cognitive dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: can we predict it?

Fabiola De Marchi1, Claudia Carrarini2, Antonio De Martino3

  • 1ALS Center & Department of Neurology, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.

Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology
|March 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a multisystem disorder with over 50% of patients experiencing cognitive and behavioral changes. Research is exploring biomarkers to detect early decline and understand its progression.

Keywords:
ALSALS-biALS-cbiALS-ciBiomarkerCognitive alterationCognitive dysfunctionCognitive impairmentFTDPre-clinical

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting motor neurons.
  • Emerging evidence indicates ALS is a multisystem disorder with significant neuropsychological alterations in over 50% of patients.
  • Cognitive and behavioral impairments, including executive dysfunction and social cognition deficits, are increasingly recognized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated review of neuropsychological alterations in ALS.
  • To describe tests used for detecting cognitive and behavioral impairment in ALS patients.
  • To highlight promising non-invasive biomarkers for identifying pre-clinical cognitive decline.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on neuropsychological alterations in ALS.
  • Identification and description of diagnostic tests for cognitive and behavioral deficits.
  • Focus on recent advancements in humoral, radiological, neurophysiological, and genetic biomarkers.

Main Results:

  • Neuropsychological alterations are prevalent in ALS, affecting executive functions, verbal fluency, behavior, and social cognition.
  • Various biomarkers (humoral, radiological, neurophysiological, genetic) have been reported, with some showing potential correlation to cognitive impairment.
  • Current research on these biomarkers is in its early stages, lacking conclusive longitudinal data.

Conclusions:

  • The study of biomarkers for neuropsychological alterations in ALS is nascent.
  • Further longitudinal research is essential to understand the progression of cognitive and behavioral impairments.
  • Easily accessible and quantifiable biomarkers are needed for accurate staging and prognosis in ALS.