Responsive optical probes for deep-tissue imaging: Photoacoustics and second near-infrared fluorescence
Fei Ding1, Jing Feng2, Xueli Zhang2
1School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint Research Center for Precision Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital South Campus, Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai 201499, China.
Abstract:
Optical imaging has played a vital role in development of biomedicine and image-guided theragnostic. Nevertheless, the clinical translation of optical molecular imaging for deep-tissue visualization is still limited by poor signal-to-background ratio and low penetration depth owing to light scattering and tissue autofluorescence. Hence, to facilitate precise diagnosis and accurate surgery excision in clinical practices, the responsive optical probes (ROPs) are broadly designed for specific reaction with biological analytes or disease biomarkers via chemical/physical interactions for photoacoustic and second near-infrared fluorescence (NIR-II, 900-1700 nm) fluorescence imaging. Herein, the recent advances in the development of ROPs including molecular design principles, activated mechanisms and treatment responses for photoacoustic and NIR-II fluorescence imaging are reviewed. Furthermore, the present challenges and future perspectives of ROPs for deep-tissue imaging are also discussed.
