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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 11, 2025

Brain State-dependent Brain Stimulation with Real-time Electroencephalography-Triggered Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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rTMS affects EEG microstates dynamic during evoked activity.

Pierpaolo Croce1, Sara Spadone1, Filippo Zappasodi1

  • 1Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Science, ITAB, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy.

Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior
|March 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the left angular gyrus selectively disrupted EEG microstates during a semantic task. This provides causal evidence for the angular gyrus's role in semantic memory and language processing.

Keywords:
EEG microstatesEvoked activitySemantic memoryrTMS

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Electrophysiology

Background:

  • Electrophysiological measures like EEG (event-related potentials, ERPs; event-related desynchronization, ERD) are sensitive to magnetic interference.
  • EEG microstates at rest and pre-task are also affected by interference, suggesting broader neurophysiological impacts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if magnetic interference effects on EEG microstates persist during cognitive task-evoked activity.
  • To determine the causal role of specific brain regions, namely the left angular gyrus (AG) and the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), in modulating EEG microstates during semantic processing.

Main Methods:

  • Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was applied over the left AG (language network) and left IPS (control site).
  • EEG microstate dynamics were analyzed during a semantic decision task following sham, AG, or IPS stimulation.

Main Results:

  • Sham and IPS stimulation did not alter the typical alternation of two dominant microstates (MS1, MS3) post-stimulus onset.
  • rTMS over the left AG selectively suppressed the phonological network-associated microstate (MS1).

Conclusions:

  • This study provides the first causal evidence for the region-specific modulation of EEG microstate topography during evoked activity.
  • Findings support a critical role for the left AG in semantic memory and offer insights into neurophysiological correlates of language disorders like aphasia.
  • Results may inform non-invasive brain stimulation protocols for language rehabilitation.