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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 11, 2025

Investigating the 'Uncatchable Smile' in Leonardo da Vinci's La Bella Principessa: A Comparison with the Mona Lisa and Pollaiuolo's Portrait of a Girl
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Surprise, surprise: KK is innocent.

Julien Murzi1, Leonie Eichhorn1, Philipp Mayr1

  • 1Philosophy Department KGW University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria.

Thought (Hoboken, N.J.)
|March 29, 2021
PubMed
Summary

The Surprise Exam Paradox is resolved by identifying a knowledge blindspot, which requires the week to be at least two days long. This challenges previous explanations and offers a new perspective on epistemic paradoxes.

Area of Science:

  • Epistemology
  • Philosophy of Logic

Background:

  • The Surprise Exam Paradox presents a logical puzzle where students reason a surprise exam is impossible, yet can still be surprised.
  • Existing literature offers various, often debated, solutions to this paradox.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel solution to the Surprise Exam Paradox.
  • To critique existing analyses, particularly Williamson's.
  • To clarify the underlying epistemic principles involved.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the logical structure of the Surprise Exam Paradox.
  • Review and critique of existing philosophical treatments (Wright, Sudbury, Sorensen, Williamson).
  • Identification of key epistemic principles, including knowledge retention and margin for error.

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Main Results:

  • The paradox is resolved by recognizing a 'blindspot' in knowledge, contingent on the week being at least two days long.
  • Williamson's proposed analogy with the Paradox of the Glimpse and reliance on the KK Principle are found to be flawed.
  • The reasoning leading to the paradox occurs before the application of the KK Principle.

Conclusions:

  • The Surprise Exam Paradox can be solved by understanding knowledge blindspots and the temporal constraints of the exam week.
  • The KK Principle is not the primary source of the paradox; other epistemic principles are more relevant.
  • A uniform treatment with the Paradox of the Glimpse is inappropriate.