Antiarrhythmic drugs-safety and efficacy during pregnancy

When deciding on antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) treatment, a thorough knowledge of the physiological adaptation processes that occur during pregnancy and their effect on metabolism and the efficacy of AAD is mandatory. Beyond the desired effects of AAD therapy, side effects can occur in pregnant women. Furthermore, potential harm to fetal development-depending on gestational age-needs to be considered. A thorough evaluation of potential risks opposed to expected benefits for mother and fetus should be carried out before initiation of AAD treatment. Regular maternal echocardiography and fetal sonographic examination during pregnancy under AAD treatment are advisable. If possible, serum concentrations of AAD should be measured on a regular basis. Due to electrolyte and volume imbalances after delivery, maternal monitoring is recommended for approximately 48 h under AAD therapy. Current guidelines are based on almost historic analyses, where AAD were often prescribed for other indications than rhythm disorders. In clinical practice, AAD predominantly used during pregnancy are intravenous adenosine for acute treatment of atrioventricular nodal dependent tachycardias, whereas betablockers, sotalol, and flecainide can be orally administered for long-term therapy.