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Histone Variants at the Centromere

Histone Variants at the Centromere

Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...

Histone Modification

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...

Histone Modification

Histone Modification

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...

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Updated: Nov 11, 2025

An Integrated Platform for Genome-wide Mapping of Chromatin States Using High-throughput ChIP-sequencing in Tumor Tissues

An Integrated Platform for Genome-wide Mapping of Chromatin States Using High-throughput ChIP-sequencing in Tumor Tissues

Published on: April 5, 2018

A common classification framework for histone sequence alterations in tumours: an expert consensus proposal.

Henning Leske^1,2, Raymond Dalgleish³, Alexander J Lazar⁴

¹Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.

The Journal of Pathology

|March 29, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Genetic alterations in histone genes are crucial in cancer research. This review proposes a standardized nomenclature for histone variants to resolve confusion between differing description guidelines, ensuring clear communication for researchers and clinicians.

Keywords:

classification histone mutation neoplasm nomenclature sequence tumour

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Published on: October 18, 2024

Area of Science:

Oncology
Genetics
Molecular Biology

Background:

Accurate description of genetic alterations in tumors is vital.
Human Genome Variation Society (HGVS) guidelines are standard for sequence variants.
Histone gene variant descriptions often deviate from HGVS, causing ambiguity.

Purpose of the Study:

To review tumor entities with H3-3A gene alterations.
To highlight nomenclature conflicts in histone variant reporting.
To propose a standardized, HGVS-compliant nomenclature for histone variants.

Main Methods:

Literature review of tumor entities with H3-3A sequence alterations.
Analysis of current nomenclature practices for histone variants.
Development of a proposed standardized reporting method.

Main Results:

Identified significant confusion stemming from dual nomenclature systems (HGVS vs. histone-specific).
Highlighted the impact of N-terminal methionine cleavage on histone variant numbering.
Presented a novel nomenclature proposal for unambiguous histone variant description.

Conclusions:

A unified, HGVS-aligned nomenclature is essential for clear reporting of histone variants.
Adoption of the proposed standard will improve communication among pathologists, oncologists, and researchers.
Standardized reporting facilitates accurate diagnosis and research in histone-related cancers.