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Related Concept Videos

Hearing01:31

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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Humans perceive sound by hearing. The human ear helps sound waves reach the brain, which then interprets the waves and creates the perception of hearing. The loudness of the environment in which a person is located determines whether they can distinguish between different sound sources.
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The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
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The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
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Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is:  
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Hearing Impairment Increases Economic Inequality.

So Young Kim1, Chanyang Min2,3, Dae Myoung Yoo2

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea.

Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology
|March 30, 2021
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Summary

Adults with hearing impairment experienced slower income growth compared to normal-hearing individuals. This disparity led to a widening income gap over five years, highlighting economic challenges for the hearing-impaired population.

Keywords:
Cohort StudiesEconomic StatusHearing LossIncome

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Area of Science:

  • Audiology
  • Health Economics
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Hearing impairment affects a significant portion of the adult population.
  • Socioeconomic factors, including income, can be impacted by health conditions.
  • Longitudinal studies are needed to understand the economic trajectory of individuals with hearing loss.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate changes in income levels among a hearing-impaired population in South Korea.
  • To compare income trajectories between hearing-impaired adults and a matched normal-hearing cohort.
  • To determine if hearing impairment influences long-term economic well-being.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening Cohort (2002-2015).
  • Included 5,857 hearing-impaired subjects and 23,428 matched comparison participants (≥40 years old).
  • Compared income levels at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years post-enrollment relative to initial income, analyzing the interaction of time and hearing status.

Main Results:

  • Both groups showed income increases over time; however, the hearing-impaired group's income growth was relatively lower.
  • Significant income increases were observed at 4 and 5 years post-enrollment for the hearing-impaired group (P<0.001).
  • The interaction between time and hearing impairment was statistically significant (P=0.021), indicating differential income changes.

Conclusions:

  • The rate of income increase over time was less pronounced in the hearing-impaired adult population.
  • A widening income gap was observed between hearing-impaired adults and their normal-hearing counterparts.
  • Hearing impairment may present long-term economic disadvantages, necessitating targeted support.