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Related Concept Videos

Phagocytosis00:41

Phagocytosis

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Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis ("cellular eating") is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects, such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.
The objective of phagocytosis is often destruction. Cells use phagocytosis to eliminate unwelcome visitors, like pathogens (e.g., viruses and bacteria). Many immune system cells,...
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Phagocytosis00:41

Phagocytosis

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Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis (“cellular eating”) is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects—such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.
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Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes01:25

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

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Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
Natural Killer Cells: The Fast Responders
NK cells are large granular lymphocytes found in the blood and lymphatic system. These...
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
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Endocytosis01:16

Endocytosis

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Eukaryotic cells acquire nutrients for growth and proliferation. Nutrients and other molecules that require degradation are internalized from the extracellular space by a process called endocytosis. The term ‘endocytosis' was first coined by Christian de Duve in 1963.
Endocytosis always begins with the plasma membrane enclosing an incoming molecule to form a transport vesicle which, in some cases, can be coated with a protein called ‘clathrin.' Endocytosed material is either...
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Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 11, 2025

"Phagosome Closure Assay" to Visualize Phagosome Formation in Three Dimensions Using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescent Microscopy TIRFM
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"Phagosome Closure Assay" to Visualize Phagosome Formation in Three Dimensions Using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescent Microscopy TIRFM

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Phagosome-Bacteria Interactions from the Bottom Up.

Darshan M Sivaloganathan1, Mark P Brynildsen2

  • 1Program in Quantitative and Computational Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.

Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
|March 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Bacterial pathogens face deadly stresses within phagosomes, but many survive using evolved tactics. Understanding these interactions is key for developing new antibacterials via bottom-up approaches.

Keywords:
antimicrobialantivirulenceinnate immunitymacrophageneutrophilphagocytosis

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Bacterial pathogens are engulfed by host phagocytes within phagosomes.
  • Phagosomes impose lethal stresses on bacteria, yet pathogens employ survival strategies.
  • Phagosome-bacteria interactions are critical for infection and potential antibacterial targets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review knowledge of phagosomal compositions and bacterial survival tactics.
  • To highlight the utility of bottom-up approaches for studying these interactions.
  • To emphasize the integration of immunology, microbiology, and engineering for advancing therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on phagosomal environments and bacterial defense mechanisms.
  • Focus on bottom-up methodologies, building knowledge from simplified systems.
  • Application of reaction engineering principles to model bacterial survival dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Detailed insights into the composition of phagosomes and the diverse survival strategies of bacteria.
  • Identification of bottom-up approaches as valuable for dissecting complex host-pathogen interactions.
  • Demonstration of how integrating multiple scientific disciplines enhances understanding.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding phagosome-bacteria interactions is crucial for developing novel antibacterial strategies.
  • Bottom-up approaches, combined with reaction engineering, offer a quantitative framework for studying bacterial survival.
  • Interdisciplinary collaboration is essential for translating fundamental knowledge into effective therapies.