Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities I01:26

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities I

Assessing the respiratory rate and rhythm for a complete minute is crucial for evaluating the breathing pattern. Even a minor increase in the patient's average respiratory rate, by as little as three to five breaths per minute, is an early and vital indicator of respiratory distress. Patients with a respiratory rate exceeding twenty-four breaths per minute require close monitoring to determine the physiological alterations. This careful observation is essential for prompt recognition and...
Assessment of Ventilation II: Respiratory Depth and Rhythm01:29

Assessment of Ventilation II: Respiratory Depth and Rhythm

Respiratory Depth
Respiratory depth measures the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a breath. It can vary from shallow to deep and typically remains consistent when a person is at rest or asleep. Occasionally, individuals will automatically inhale deeply, known as sighing, which inflates the lungs with more air than normal breathing.
To assess respiratory depth, observe the degree of chest excursion or movement:
Alterations in Respiration II01:30

Alterations in Respiration II

There are numerous types of normal and abnormal respiration. Based on ventilatory movements, breathing patterns are classified as regular, deep, or shallow. Examples include Biot's breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Kussmaul's breathing, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. Each pattern is clinically significant and aids in evaluating patients.
In Biot's breathing, the respiratory rate and depth are irregular, alternating between periods of deep gasping and apnea. Common causes include...
Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:
Stages of Sleep01:22

Stages of Sleep

Sleep progresses through distinct stages, each characterized by specific brain wave patterns and physiological responses ranging from wakefulness to stages of non-rapid eye movement, known as non-REM, to rapid eye movement, referred to as REM. Understanding these stages helps in recognizing how sleep supports various bodily and cognitive functions.
Before sleep begins, in wakefulness, the brain exhibits primarily beta waves, which are high in frequency and low in amplitude, indicating alertness...
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder01:15

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder characterized by the absence of muscle paralysis that normally occurs during the REM phase of sleep. This absence allows individuals to physically act out their dreams, which are often vivid and disturbing. Common behaviors exhibited during episodes include kicking, punching, and yelling. These actions can be dangerous, potentially leading to injuries for the person with RBD or their bed partner.
RBD is significantly associated with...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Functional significance of repressor element 1 silencing transcription factor (REST) target genes in pancreatic beta cells.

Diabetologia·2008
Same author

M(1)/M(3) and M(2)/M(4) muscarinic receptor double-knockout mice present distinct respiratory phenotypes.

Respiratory physiology & neurobiology·2008
Same author

[Quality assurance and management in pulmonary function labs].

Revue des maladies respiratoires·2007
Same author

Islet-cell-to-cell communication as basis for normal insulin secretion.

Diabetes, obesity & metabolism·2007
Same author

Connexin40 regulates renin production and blood pressure.

Kidney international·2007
Same author

Virtual surveillance of communicable diseases: a 20-year experience in France.

Statistical methods in medical research·2006

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice
10:56

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice

Published on: August 2, 2017

Respiratory rhythm multistability during sleep-wake states.

J F Vibert1, A S Foutz, D Caille

  • 1Laboratoire de Physiologie, CHU St Antoine, Paris, France.

Brain Research
|May 17, 1988
PubMed
Summary

Respiratory period changes during sleep and wakefulness in cats show distinct patterns. The respiratory pattern generator appears to be influenced by multiple stable states, or attractors.

More Related Videos

Multi-Modal Home Sleep Monitoring in Older Adults
07:40

Multi-Modal Home Sleep Monitoring in Older Adults

Published on: January 26, 2019

Method to Obtain Pattern of Breathing in Senescent Mice through Unrestrained Barometric Plethysmography
09:13

Method to Obtain Pattern of Breathing in Senescent Mice through Unrestrained Barometric Plethysmography

Published on: April 28, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice
10:56

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice

Published on: August 2, 2017

Multi-Modal Home Sleep Monitoring in Older Adults
07:40

Multi-Modal Home Sleep Monitoring in Older Adults

Published on: January 26, 2019

Method to Obtain Pattern of Breathing in Senescent Mice through Unrestrained Barometric Plethysmography
09:13

Method to Obtain Pattern of Breathing in Senescent Mice through Unrestrained Barometric Plethysmography

Published on: April 28, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Sleep Science
  • Respiratory Physiology

Background:

  • Breathing patterns (respiratory period) vary significantly between different behavioral states.
  • Understanding the neural control of respiration during sleep and wakefulness is crucial for identifying potential disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the changes in respiratory period (RP) during various sleep-waking states in chronic cats.
  • To explore the underlying mechanisms of respiratory pattern generation in relation to behavioral states.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal recording sessions (5-8 hours) were conducted in chronic cats.
  • Respiratory period (RP) was analyzed across different states: alert wakefulness, drowsy wakefulness, and slow wave sleep.

Main Results:

  • Respiratory period distribution exhibited a trimodal pattern, with distinct modes for each state.
  • Alert wakefulness was associated with the shortest RP, slow wave sleep with the longest, and drowsy wakefulness with an intermediate RP.
  • Immediate RP shifts occurred upon awakening, but short RPs persisted after EEG arousals.

Conclusions:

  • The respiratory pattern generator in cats exhibits state-dependent characteristics.
  • Results suggest that the neural control of respiration involves multiple 'attractors' or stable states influencing respiratory period.