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Related Concept Videos

Anaphase A and B01:39

Anaphase A and B

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Microtubules form through the end-to-end polymerization of tubulin heterodimers. Kinetochore microtubules originate from the spindle poles, and their plus-ends connect with the kinetochores on sister-chromatids. Ndc80 protein complexes, present on the kinetochore, form low-affinity links with the plus end of these kinetochore microtubules.
Plus-end depolymerization releases tubulin heterodimers from the terminal region of the microtubule. As tubulin subunits are lost, the Ndc80 complexes detach...
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Separation of Sister Chromatids02:17

Separation of Sister Chromatids

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At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
At the onset of anaphase, separase, a proteolytic enzyme, is...
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Anaphase Promoting Complex00:50

Anaphase Promoting Complex

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The stepwise destruction of specific proteins is necessary for the progression and completion of the cell cycle. Such proteins are ubiquitinated by ubiquitin ligases and then subsequently destroyed by the proteasome. The SCF (Skp1/Cullin/F-box) and the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) are two important ubiquitin ligases involved in cell cycle progression. While SCF is active throughout the cell cycle, APC gets activated during metaphase to anaphase transition. Cdc20 or Cdh1 binds to APC and...
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Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

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Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold...
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Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

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During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
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Attachment of Sister Chromatids02:57

Attachment of Sister Chromatids

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As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall...
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Updated: Nov 11, 2025

Live Cell Imaging of Chromosome Segregation During Mitosis
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Live Cell Imaging of Chromosome Segregation During Mitosis

Published on: March 14, 2018

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Anaphase A.

J Richard McIntosh1

  • 1Dept. of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA.

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
|March 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Anaphase A involves chromosome movement to spindle poles via microtubule shortening. Cells precisely regulate microtubule dynamics at specific sites, involving enzymes and motor proteins for chromosome motion.

Keywords:
ChromosomeDynamicsForceKinesinKinetochoreMicrotubuleMotor enzyme

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Anaphase A is a critical stage in cell division.
  • It involves the movement of chromosomes towards opposite poles of the spindle.
  • This movement is driven by the shortening of kinetochore microtubules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the molecular mechanisms regulating microtubule dynamics during anaphase A.
  • To explore how dynamic microtubules are coupled to kinetochores and poles.
  • To examine the forces generated for microtubule and chromosome motion.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of molecular regulation of microtubule dynamics.
  • Analysis of enzyme and protein localization in microtubule regulation.
  • Examination of force-generating mechanisms in anaphase.

Main Results:

  • Tubulin depolymerization occurs locally at kinetochores, poles, or both.
  • Specific enzymes and microtubule-associated proteins localize to regulate dynamics.
  • Motor proteins contribute to microtubule stability and force generation.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular regulation of microtubule dynamics is highly localized.
  • Specific molecular couplings are essential for force transduction.
  • Understanding these processes is key to comprehending chromosome segregation.