The Use of Xenopus for Cell Biology Applications

Problems of cell biology and the molecular controls underpinning them have been studied in the remarkably versatile Xenopus systems for many years. This versatility is showcased in several accompanying protocols, which are introduced here. One protocol demonstrates how the Xenopus embryonic ectoderm can be used to study the effects of mechanical cell deformation; another illustrates how the developing eye can be used as a platform for determining cell-cycle length. Two protocols show how extracts from Xenopus embryos can be exploited to characterize the behavior of specific intracellular proteins-specifically, to determine protein phosphorylation status and the ability to bind to chromatin. Finally, because specific antibodies to Xenopus proteins are pivotal reagents for cell biology and biochemistry applications, four protocols describing how to generate, purify, and assay the specificity of antibodies raised against Xenopus proteins are included in hopes of stimulating the expansion of these critical resources across the Xenopus community.