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Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

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Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
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Hazard Rate01:11

Hazard Rate

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The hazard rate, also known as the hazard function or failure rate, is a statistical measure used to describe the instantaneous rate at which an event occurs, given that the event has not yet happened. From a probabilistic perspective, it represents the likelihood that a subject will experience the event in a very small time interval, conditional on surviving up to the beginning of that interval. In terms of frequency, the hazard rate can be viewed as the ratio of the number of events to the...
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Precipitation of Ions03:11

Precipitation of Ions

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Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
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Recent global decrease in the inner-core rain rate of tropical cyclones.

Shifei Tu1, Jianjun Xu2,3, Johnny C L Chan4

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Tropical cyclone (TC) outer rain rates increased globally by 8% due to more atmospheric water vapor. However, inner-core rain rates significantly decreased by 24%, likely due to increased atmospheric stability.

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Area of Science:

  • Climatology
  • Atmospheric Science
  • Meteorology

Background:

  • Heavy rainfall from tropical cyclones (TCs) is a significant cause of damage.
  • Understanding rainfall distribution within TCs is crucial for disaster preparedness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze trends in tropical cyclone rain rates between 1999 and 2018.
  • To investigate the spatial distribution of rainfall changes within TCs.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of satellite observational rainfall data.
  • Utilizing numerical model results for rainfall analysis.

Main Results:

  • Global TC rain rate increased by 8% ± 4% from 1999-2018.
  • Outer region TC rain rates increased due to higher atmospheric water vapor.
  • Inner-core TC rain rates decreased by 24% ± 3%.

Conclusions:

  • Rising global temperatures contribute to increased water vapor, enhancing outer TC rainfall.
  • Increased atmospheric stability is likely responsible for the reduction in inner-core TC rainfall.
  • Shifting rainfall patterns in TCs have implications for future climate change impacts.