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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Solid state phase transformation kinetics in Zr-base alloys.

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  • 1Quantum Technologies AB, Uppsala Science Park, 75183, Uppsala, Sweden. alma@quantumtech.se.

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A new kinetic model predicts phase transformation in zirconium alloys for nuclear fuel cladding. It accurately models alpha-beta phase fractions considering oxygen and hydrogen effects, crucial for reactor safety.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nuclear Engineering

Background:

  • Zirconium alloys are critical fuel cladding materials in light water reactors.
  • Understanding solid-state phase transformation is vital for predicting material behavior under operational and accident conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a kinetic model for solid-state phase transformation in zirconium alloys.
  • To account for the influence of oxidation (excess oxygen) and hydrogen pickup on phase transformation kinetics.

Main Methods:

  • Development of two kinetic model variants (Model A and Model B) for phase fraction calculation.
  • Incorporation of parameters for excess oxygen and hydrogen concentration.
  • Comparison of model predictions with experimental data for heating/cooling rates up to 100 K/s.

Main Results:

  • Satisfactory agreement between model computations and experimental data, particularly for Model A.
  • Model A is suitable for simulating controlled laboratory heating/cooling experiments.
  • Model B provides a more generic approach for complex scenarios.

Conclusions:

  • The developed kinetic model accurately predicts phase transformation in zirconium alloys.
  • Model B is suitable for integration into fuel rod behavior codes for reactor accident simulations.
  • The model enhances the understanding of zirconium alloy behavior under various conditions, improving nuclear reactor safety assessments.