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Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Subsequent T...
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Immunological Memory01:23

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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
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Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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Humoral Immune Responses01:36

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Infection01:20

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Coronavirus infection: An immunologists' perspective.

Juan Bautista De Sanctis1,2, Alexis Hipólito García2, Dolores Moreno3

  • 1Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.

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|March 30, 2021
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Summary

This review examines the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, focusing on immune responses and organ dysfunction. It highlights factors influencing disease severity and proposes research into viral infection and clearance mechanisms.

Keywords:
SARS-CoV-2 infectioncomplementcoronaviruscytokine stormimmune responseinnate immune responsememory cells

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Coronavirus infections are common across species, with SARS research initially focusing on pulmonary disease.
  • However, immune response disorders and organ dysfunction are documented, particularly in elderly individuals with comorbidities.
  • SARS-CoV-2 infection severity links to inflammation and tissue injury, with immune responses still under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • To identify factors influencing clinical features and immune responses, including ACE2 receptor expression, age, gender, and immune genetics.
  • To propose new research avenues for understanding viral infection and clearance.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology.
  • Analysis of factors affecting disease severity and immune response.
  • Identification of knowledge gaps and future research directions.

Main Results:

  • SARS-CoV-2 infection involves complex immune responses and potential organ dysfunction beyond pulmonary effects.
  • Factors such as ACE2 receptor expression, age, gender, and genetics significantly influence patient outcomes.
  • Effective immune response against SARS-CoV-2 requires further detailed analysis.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the intricate pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for managing severe disease.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of viral infection, immune response, and viral clearance.
  • Exploring host factors like genetics and ACE2 interactions can inform therapeutic strategies.