A neural network model of basal ganglia's decision-making circuitry

The basal ganglia have been increasingly recognized as an important structure involved in decision making. Neurons in the basal ganglia were found to reflect the evidence accumulation process during decision making. However, it is not well understood how the direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia work together for decision making. Here, we create a recurrent neural network model that is composed of the direct and indirect pathways and test it with the classic random dot motion discrimination task. The direct pathway drives the outputs, which are modulated through a gating mechanism controlled by the indirect pathway. We train the network to learn the task and find that the network reproduces the accuracy and reaction time patterns of previous animal studies. Units in the model exhibit ramping activities that reflect evidence accumulation. Finally, we simulate manipulations of the direct and indirect pathways and find that the manipulations of the direct pathway mainly affect the choice while the manipulations of the indirect pathway affect the model's reaction time. These results suggest a potential circuitry mechanism of the basal ganglia's role in decision making with predictions that can be tested experimentally in the future.