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Redox Reactions01:24

Redox Reactions

57.2K
Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
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Redox Reactions01:27

Redox Reactions

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Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
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Redox Equilibria: Overview01:23

Redox Equilibria: Overview

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A reduction-oxidation reaction is commonly called a redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another rather than being shared between or among atoms. The reducing agent or reductant is the species that loses electrons and gets oxidized in the process. The species that gains electrons and gets reduced in the process is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Redox reactions are represented as two separate equations called half-reactions, where one equation...
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Voltaic/Galvanic Cells02:47

Voltaic/Galvanic Cells

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Spontaneous Chemical Reactions
Spontaneous redox reactions occur abundantly in nature. The chemical reaction occurring in a disposable AA battery powering our remote controls is one such example of a spontaneous redox reaction. Another example is the immersion of coiled copper wire into an aqueous silver nitrate solution. The reaction shows a gradual, visually impressive color change from colorless to bright blue and the formation of a grey precipitate on the copper wire. In this experiment,...
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Ladder Diagrams: Redox Equilibria01:30

Ladder Diagrams: Redox Equilibria

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Ladder diagrams are useful tools for understanding redox equilibrium reactions, especially the effects of concentration changes on the electrochemical potential of the reaction. The vertical axis in the redox ladder diagrams represents the electrochemical potential, E. The area of predominance is demarcated using the Nernst equation.
Consider the Fe3+/Fe2+ half-reaction, which has a standard-state potential of +0.771 V. At potentials more positive than +0.771 V, Fe3+ predominates, whereas Fe2+...
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Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents01:26

Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

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Besides iodine, other oxidizing or reducing agents can serve as titrants in redox titrations. Common oxidizing titrants include KMnO4, cerium(IV), and K2Cr2O7. The choice of oxidizing titrants depends on factors like stability, cost, analyte strength, and reaction rate between the analyte and titrant. KMnO4 is a strong oxidizing titrant that reduces from Mn(VII) to Mn(II) in a highly acidic solution, simultaneously oxidizing the analyte to a higher oxidation state. In this case, KMnO4 acts as a...
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A Protocol for Electrochemical Evaluations and State of Charge Diagnostics of a Symmetric Organic Redox Flow Battery
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Interactive Materials for Bidirectional Redox-Based Communication.

Jinyang Li1, Sally P Wang1, Guanghui Zong2

  • 1Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|March 31, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Researchers created a redox-active hydrogel film that generates hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) to communicate with bacteria. This material interacts with Escherichia coli, triggering gene expression via redox signaling.

Keywords:
catecholselectro-biofabricationextracellular electron transferinteractive materialsredox signaling

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Synthetic Biology
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Biological systems utilize diffusible redox-active molecules for inter-system and inter-kingdom communication.
  • Redox-active materials offer potential for creating novel interfaces that interact with living systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To fabricate a redox-active hydrogel film capable of synthesizing signaling molecules.
  • To investigate the film's ability to communicate with bacterial populations via redox interactions.
  • To demonstrate the potential of catecholic materials in eliciting specific biological responses.

Main Methods:

  • Electrochemical fabrication of a catechol-conjugated/crosslinked 4-armed thiolated poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel film.
  • Utilizing the hydrogel's redox activity to accept electrons from biological reductants (e.g., ascorbate) and generate hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂).
  • Co-culturing the hydrogel film with Escherichia coli to induce H₂O₂ synthesis and subsequent bacterial gene expression.

Main Results:

  • The redox-active hydrogel film autonomously synthesized the signaling molecule hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂).
  • Electron transfer from Escherichia coli cultures to the film facilitated H₂O₂ generation.
  • The generated H₂O₂ induced gene expression in bacteria through a redox-responsive operon.

Conclusions:

  • Catecholic materials can engage in redox-based interactions to elicit specific biological responses.
  • This work highlights the potential of engineered materials to communicate with living systems.
  • Natural phenolics may represent a ubiquitous class of interactive materials in biological contexts.