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Endocrine Signaling

Endocrine Signaling

Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the circulatory system. This exposes the whole organism to the hormone but only those cells expressing hormone receptors or target cells are affected. Thus, endocrine signaling induces slow responses from its target cells but these effects also last longer.

What is the Endocrine System?

What is the Endocrine System?

The endocrine system sends hormones—chemical signals—through the bloodstream to target cells—the cells the hormones selectively affect. These signals are produced in endocrine cells, secreted into the extracellular fluid, and then diffuse into the blood. Eventually, they diffuse out of the blood and bind to target cells which have specialized receptors to recognize the hormones.

Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.

Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.

The Endocrine System

The Endocrine System

The endocrine system is an extensive network of glands – organs or tissues in the body that create chemicals that control many bodily functions, that secrete hormones, which are chemical messengers that play essential roles in regulating various bodily functions. These hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and travel throughout the body. They require specific receptors to convey signals to cells possessing these corresponding receptors. This complex signaling mechanism ensures that...

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 10, 2025

Author Spotlight: Investigating Islet Abnormalities and Function with a Pseudoislet Protocol

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Enteroendocrine Dysfunction in Two Saudi Sisters.

Amna Basheer M Ahmed¹, Badr M Rasheed Alsaleem¹

¹Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Children's Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Case Reports in Gastroenterology

|April 1, 2021

Summary

Proprotein convertase (PC) deficiency, a rare genetic disorder, causes severe malabsorptive diarrhea and obesity. Early diagnosis via whole-exome sequencing is crucial for managing this condition, which presents with varied symptoms.

Keywords:

Congenital enteropathy Intractable diarrhea Malabsorption Proprotein convertase 1/3

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Area of Science:

Genetics and Molecular Biology
Gastroenterology and Endocrinology

Background:

Proprotein convertase (PC) deficiency, caused by PCSK1 mutations, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder.
It manifests as severe early-onset malabsorptive diarrhea, obesity, and systemic endocrinopathies.

Observation:

Two sisters with congenital osmotic diarrhea and PC1/3 deficiency exhibited chronic enteropathy with hypernatremia.
Clinical presentation showed different expressivity between the siblings.

Findings:

PC1/3 deficiency leads to malabsorptive diarrhea and enteroendocrine dysfunction.
Symptoms can mimic glucose-galactose malabsorption, complicating diagnosis.

Implications:

The clinical paucity and heterogeneity of congenital enteropathies underscore the need for advanced diagnostic tools.
Whole-exome sequencing is vital for early diagnosis and effective management of PC1/3 deficiency.
Understanding PC1/3 deficiency aids in managing rare genetic enteropathies and related endocrine disorders.