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Role of ATP in Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis and Dynamics

Marta Lombardi1, Martina Gabrielli1, Elena Adinolfi2

  • 1CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Research Labs-University Milano-Bicocca, Vedano al Lambro, Italy.

Frontiers in Pharmacology
|April 1, 2021
PubMed

Insights

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) signals danger, promoting inflammation by activating purinergic receptors. ATP also drives the release and shapes the content of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from immune cells.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) acts as a danger signal in the immune response.
  • ATP activates P2X and P2Y purinergic receptors on immune cells like microglia and tumor cells, promoting inflammation.
  • The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is a key mediator of ATP-induced inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of ATP in the biogenesis and dynamics of extracellular vesicles (EVs).
  • To discuss how ATP influences EV production, composition, and signaling.
  • To highlight the functions of ATP-modulated EVs in physiology and pathophysiology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on ATP, purinergic receptors, and extracellular vesicles.
  • Analysis of the molecular mechanisms linking ATP stimulation to EV release and content.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on the physiological and pathological roles of ATP-driven EVs.

Main Results:

  • High ATP concentrations stimulate P2X7R, leading to cell proliferation, inflammasome activation, and EV shedding.
  • ATP influences the production and composition of EVs released by microglia.
  • EVs transfer cellular components, including ATP, to target cells, mediating intercellular communication.

Conclusions:

  • ATP is a critical regulator of EV biogenesis and function in the immune system.
  • ATP-mediated EV release and signaling contribute to inflammatory processes.
  • Understanding ATP's role in EVs offers insights into potential therapeutic strategies for inflammatory diseases.
Keywords:
ATPATP cargoP2X7 receptorextracellular vesicle biogenesisextracellular vesicle morphologyextracellular vesiclesimmune cellstumor cells

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