Quantitative examination of an unconventional form of the filled-space illusion

The spatial interval containing some visual elements (fillers) seems to be longer than an empty interval of the same length, and the effect persists for most observers. This illusion of interrupted spatial extent (or the filled-space illusion) can be observed even in extremely simplified line drawings, but its origin is still not completely understood. Recently, we proposed a quantitative explanation for the results of experiments with stimuli containing either continuous or discrete filling: the illusion may be associated with the integration of distractor-induced effects near the endpoints (terminators) of the stimulus intervals. Subsequent analysis of the principles underlying the explanation allowed us to hypothesize the appearance of illusory effects caused by previously unknown stimulus modifications. To test the suggestions, in the present study we performed experiments with three-dot stimuli that contain a distracting circle (either outline or uniformly filled) surrounding one of the lateral terminators. It has been demonstrated that the illusion magnitude varies predictably with the size of the circle, and there is no significant difference between the data obtained for stimuli with the outline and filled distractors. To more thoroughly examine the illusion, the central angle of circular distracting arcs (real or imaginary) was used as an independent variable in supplementary experiments. A rather successful theoretical interpretation of the experimental results supports the suggestion that perceptual positional biases induced by additional context-evoked neural excitation can be considered as one of the main causes of the filled-space illusion.