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Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Updated: Nov 10, 2025

Author Spotlight: Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome
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Radicular arm pain.

Surendra Patnaik1, Alastair Carr1, Praveen Inaparthy1

  • 1Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, East Surrey Hospital, Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Redhill, UK.

British Journal of Hospital Medicine (London, England : 2005)
|April 1, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cervical radiculopathy, a nerve root issue, causes neck and arm pain. While most improve with conservative care, surgery may be needed for severe cases or progressive neurological deficits.

Keywords:
Cervical radiculopathyFacet jointsNeck painRadiculopathyStenosis

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Cervical radiculopathy involves nerve root dysfunction or compression in the neck.
  • Symptoms include unilateral neck pain radiating to the arm, sensory changes, weakness, and reflex alterations.
  • Progressive symptoms or myelopathy necessitate careful evaluation for surgical intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the clinical approach to cervical radiculopathy.
  • To discuss pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management strategies.
  • To highlight indications for surgical intervention.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical presentation and diagnostic criteria.
  • Discussion of pathophysiology and neurological examination findings.
  • Analysis of conservative and surgical management options.

Main Results:

  • Most patients experience symptom improvement with conservative management.
  • Surgery is indicated for debilitating pain, progressive neurology, significant weakness, instability, or myelopathy.
  • Advancements in surgical techniques provide diverse treatment options.

Conclusions:

  • A thorough history and physical examination are crucial for diagnosis and management planning.
  • Conservative management is often effective, but surgical intervention is vital for specific patient groups.
  • Personalized surgical strategies should be considered based on individual patient needs.