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Related Concept Videos

Electromagnetic Fields01:30

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Electric fields generated by static charges, often referred to as electrostatic fields, are characteristically different from electric fields created by time-varying magnetic fields. While the former is a conservative field, implying that no net work is done on a test charge if it goes around in a complete loop in the field, the latter is, by definition, not a conservative field; net work is done, and it is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux.
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The existence of combined electric and magnetic fields that propagate through space as electromagnetic (EM) waves is the most significant prediction of Maxwell's equations. As Maxwell's equations hold in free space, the predicted electromagnetic waves do not require a medium for their propagation. An EM wave comprises an electric field, defined as the force per charge on a stationary charge, and a magnetic field, which is the force per charge on a moving charge.
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James Clerk Maxwell formulated a single theory combining all the electric and magnetic effects scientists knew during that time, calling the phenomena his theory predicted “Electromagnetic waves”. He brought together all the work that had been done by brilliant physicists such as Oersted, Coulomb, Gauss, and Faraday and added his own insights to develop the overarching theory of electromagnetism. Maxwell’s equations, combined with the Lorentz force law, encompass all the laws...
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The German physicist Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894) was the first to generate and detect certain types of electromagnetic waves in the laboratory. Starting in 1887, he performed a series of experiments that confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and verified that they travel at the speed of light. Hertz used an alternating-current RLC (resistor-inductor-capacitor) circuit that resonated at a known frequency and connected it to a loop of wire. High voltages induced across the gap in...
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Electromagnetic waves can be reflected; the surface of a conductor or a dielectric can act as a reflector. As electric and magnetic fields obey the superposition principle, so do electromagnetic waves. The superposition of an incident wave and a reflected electromagnetic wave produces a standing wave analogous to the standing waves created on a stretched string.
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Complete coherence of random, nonstationary electromagnetic fields.

Mohammad Al Lakki, Ari T Friberg, Tero Setälä

    Optics Letters
    |April 1, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study clarifies the coherence theory for random, nonstationary electromagnetic fields. We demonstrate that field coherence relates to the factorization of cross-spectral density matrices and mutual coherence matrices.

    Area of Science:

    • Electromagnetism and Optics
    • Statistical Optics

    Background:

    • The coherence theory for random, nonstationary electromagnetic fields remains incomplete despite broad applications.
    • Understanding field coherence is crucial for various scientific and technological domains.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To establish a complete coherence theory for nonstationary vectorial electromagnetic fields.
    • To define conditions for full pointwise coherence in spatiospectral domains.
    • To validate existing representations of random pulsed electromagnetic beams.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of the cross-spectral density matrix for nonstationary vectorial fields.
    • Investigation of factorization properties in spatiospectral and spatiotemporal domains.
    • Mathematical formulation of temporal coherence conditions.

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    Main Results:

    • Full coherence at spatiospectral points is equivalent to the factorization of the cross-spectral density matrix.
    • Full pointwise coherence over a spatial volume and spectral band results in a factored cross-spectral density.
    • In cases of full pointwise coherence, the time-domain mutual coherence matrix factors, indicating temporal coherence throughout the volume.

    Conclusions:

    • The factorization of the cross-spectral density matrix is a key indicator of field coherence.
    • This work provides a rigorous foundation for understanding and representing coherent nonstationary electromagnetic fields.
    • The findings justify the classification of certain pulsed beam representations as coherent-mode representations.