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Updated: Nov 10, 2025

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Does endogenous cholecystokinin modulate alcohol intake?

Santiago Ballaz1, Nicole Espinosa2, Michel Bourin3

  • 1School of Biological Sciences & Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Hacienda San José s/n, San Miguel de Urcuquí, Ecuador; School of Medicine, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador.

Neuropharmacology
|April 1, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cholecystokinin (CCK) may regulate alcohol use disorder by adjusting brain reward and anxiety circuits. This neuropeptide influences dopamine, serotonin, and GABA systems, impacting alcohol cravings and withdrawal symptoms.

Keywords:
5-Hydroxytryptamine-3 receptorAlcoholismCholecystokininGamma-aminobutyric acidOrexinOxytocin

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Addiction Research

Background:

  • Alcohol use disorder (alcoholism) involves uncontrollable drinking, intoxication, and anxiety during withdrawal.
  • Ethanol-associated cues can trigger cravings via classical conditioning.
  • Alcoholism is linked to dopamine (DA) dysregulation and central amygdala anxiety circuits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence supporting the hypothesis that cholecystokinin (CCK) modulates reward and anxiety circuits affected by ethanol.
  • To explore the role of endogenous CCK in the neurobiology of alcoholism.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific literature on CCK, neurotransmission, and alcohol use disorder.
  • Analysis of genetic and neurobiological data linking CCK receptors to alcoholism and anxiety.
  • Examination of CCK's interactions with dopamine, serotonin, and GABA systems.

Main Results:

  • CCK influences DA release in the nucleus accumbens and interacts with serotonin (5-HT) and GABA neurotransmission.
  • CCK receptors (CCK1 and CCK2) are genetically linked to alcoholism and anxiety.
  • CCK modulates hypothalamic neuropeptides (orexin, oxytocin) involved in satiety and well-being.

Conclusions:

  • CCK acts as a "dimmer switch" for neurotransmission, influencing normal and pathological behaviors.
  • Endogenous CCK plays a significant role in regulating reward and anxiety pathways altered in alcoholism.
  • CCK represents a potential therapeutic target for alcohol use disorder.