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21st century headache: mapping new territory.

Peter J Goadsby^1,2, Michel Lantéri-Minet^3,4, Martin C Michel⁵

¹NIHR-Wellcome Trust King's Clinical Research Facility, King's College Hospital, London, SE5 9PJ, UK. peter.goadsby@kcl.ac.uk.

The Journal of Headache and Pain

|April 2, 2021

Summary

Primary headache disorders affect many adults globally and are often under-treated. Digital technology can help map headache triggers and burdens to improve patient care and quality of life.

Keywords:

21st century headache Cognitive functioning Infodemiology Over-the-counter medication Real world evidence Triggers

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Last Updated: Nov 10, 2025

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Published on: June 2, 2014

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Published on: August 11, 2021

Area of Science:

Neurology
Public Health
Digital Health

Background:

Primary headache disorders affect up to 75% of adults worldwide, representing a significant public health challenge.
These conditions are increasingly diagnosed earlier in life, linked to modern lifestyle factors like stress and digital technology use.
Headaches negatively impact cognitive performance, productivity, and quality of life, with substantial economic costs.

Discussion:

The majority of headache sufferers self-treat, leading to knowledge gaps in prevalence, causation, and burden.
The '21st century headache' phenomenon is influenced by workplace and learning environments.
Digital technology offers a scalable solution for collecting real-world data on headache experiences.

Key Insights:

Mapping the full spectrum of headache sufferers is crucial for closing knowledge gaps.
Real-world data from self-treated populations can inform better management strategies.
Improved understanding can lead to enhanced patient support and medication access.

Outlook:

Collected data can provide critical insights into this global health issue.
Findings will support improved patient awareness and professional education.
This research can inform clinical study design and pharmaceutical development.