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Related Concept Videos

Transcription Initiation01:47

Transcription Initiation

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Initiation is the first step of transcription in eukaryotes. Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase (RNAP) can bind to the template DNA and start transcribing. On the other hand, transcription in eukaryotes requires additional proteins, called transcription factors, to first bind to the promoter region in the DNA template. This binding helps recruit the specific RNAP that can assemble on the DNA and start transcription.
The promoters and enhancers and their accessory proteins allow tight regulation of...
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The Eukaryotic Promoter Region02:40

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The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences.  The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...
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RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors01:58

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The organization of prokaryotic genes in their genome is notably different from that of eukaryotes. Prokaryotic genes are organized, such that the genes for proteins involved in the same biochemical process or function are located together in groups. This group of genes, along with their regulatory elements, are collectively known as an operon. The functional genes in an operon are transcribed together to give a single strand of mRNA known as polycistronic mRNA.
Transcription of prokaryotic...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 10, 2025

Promoter Capture Hi-C: High-resolution, Genome-wide Profiling of Promoter Interactions
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Promoter Capture Hi-C: High-resolution, Genome-wide Profiling of Promoter Interactions

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Structural insights into preinitiation complex assembly on core promoters.

Xizi Chen1, Yilun Qi1, Zihan Wu1

  • 1Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|April 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transcription factor IID (TFIID) structures reveal two distinct pathways for preinitiation complex (PIC) assembly in eukaryotic transcription. These pathways converge to a common holo-PIC, stabilizing RNA polymerase II and facilitating its activation.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Transcription factor IID (TFIID) is crucial for initiating eukaryotic transcription by RNA polymerase II (Pol II).
  • Understanding the assembly of the preinitiation complex (PIC) on diverse promoters is essential for deciphering gene regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the structural mechanisms of TFIID-mediated PIC assembly across different promoter types.
  • To visualize the stepwise organization of the holo-PIC and its interaction with Pol II.

Main Methods:

  • Determined high-resolution structures of human TFIID-based PICs in three distinct assembly states.
  • Utilized structural biology techniques to analyze PIC conformation and subunit interactions.

Main Results:

  • Revealed two distinct "tracks" of PIC assembly: one for TATA-TFIID-binding element promoters and another for TATA-only/TATA-less promoters.
  • Demonstrated that both tracks converge to a conserved ~50-subunit holo-PIC structure.
  • Showed TFIID stabilizes the holo-PIC, facilitates cyclin-dependent kinase-activating kinase (CAK) loading onto Pol II, and TBP bends both TATA and TATA-less promoters.

Conclusions:

  • TFIID employs divergent yet convergent assembly pathways to form a stable holo-PIC on diverse eukaryotic promoters.
  • The structural insights provide a mechanistic basis for TFIID's role in transcription initiation and Pol II regulation.